Illustrations of the Rock Cut temples of India

government of INDIA
ARCH^LOGICAL survey of INDIA

CENTRAL

archaeological

LIBRARY

ACCESSION NO. —---

CALL -

EOCK-CUT TEMPLES

INDIA

TBXT TO ACCOMPANY THE POLIO
VOLUME OF PLATES.

JAMES FBRQU880K, E®q.

LONDON

JOHN WEALE,

No. 59. UlOH IIOLBOBN.

TO TTTR

PaRSIDKNT AMD FBM.0WS

Tilt

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY

or

ORRAT BRlTAtH AMD IRKLAMD,

THIS WOUK

M

ItKSFBCTFUUY DKDICATKD

at rant

otLWKO Aim iivmu (nvAirT

JAMES FEBtiUSSON.

PREFACE.

WuBN tbo {wper wluclt foniu Um prioeiptl p«rt of tfaU volame
ww re«d to tbo Rojml Autio Sociotj, it ms oat atf intention
to pnblieh illustndons of tbo Rock-cut Tem|iloe tput from the
other buildings of the same sgo sod stjlOi I, at that tone,
proposed to bring out, in a series of about one hundred plates,
a oomplete set of Uluitratioos of the Buddhist, Hindoo, and
Mshomedan s^les, including not onlj those cut in the rock,
but also the stniotural buildings, from the earliest date to the
present day.

Tho difficulty, however, and trouble of bringing out such a
work, and the certidnty of a serious loss of money, consequent
on the great expense of such works, and their limited sale in
this oountry, deterred mo from the attempt: and it was only
from the interest expreesod on the subject at the time, that I
was induced to pubUsh these plates as an experiment Had it
not been for «hi«, the Kock-«ut Temploe arc certainly not thoec
I would have chosen for a first eemy; for neitber to the irtast
nor to tho antiquary arc they so interesting or so beautiful ss
tho struetuTal buildings of the mme, or subsequent sgea They
arc, however, generally among tho earliot examples of archi-
tecturo in In^a, and nmy thus be eonnderod as an af^vopriate

FUSFACS.

Tl

coDjmeocemont, alioutd it aftcrwwd* be found eipedient to
continue the seriee.

At the — time it must be eilowcd Umt " the C««e" ere
■Imoet the only olijecl of utiquity in Indim to wluch tho
learned in Europe haTe turned their attention, or of which
travellers have thought h worth while to furnish descriptions,
or whoeo hietoiy they have atteo^ited to elueidate; and they
tborefore poescee, to a Eoropean public, an interest which it
would be difficult to excite for other wcurks, without a more
extended history of art in the East, than it would be worth
while attempting till itoould be ascertained whether the interest
the pubKe take in the subject would repay the author for his

trouble. ,

The isnic reasons hsTO deterred mo IVom re-wnting the
esmy whidi oocomiianies the itlstoe, though I feel that it is not
DOW in the form in which it ought to be preecnted to the gene¬
ral reader. When written it was merely intended to place on
record, in the journal of a learned aodety, such observations os
it s|ipcarcd to me were new, or would be interesting to a body
who bad long before turned their attention to the sulyect.
But as tlwgr had already in their Transactions, or in those of the
rister Sotaeties in Indio, several Ksqtcrs on tho subject, I have,
to avoid repeating what was already known to Uicin, ofUn
psmed over what would otherwise have been interesting to
the general reader, and in like manner have os often dilated
too much on what, to him, must appear of trivial importance,
and throughout have assumed in my hearers more knowledge
of lUo subject than 1 can expect tho public to possesa When,
however, 1 attempted the tusk of rcoonstructiun. 1 found that

rnK?ACE.

Tii

I uiut uthcr write a volume on the subject, whieh would bo
absurd if the illastnUioos stop at theee few pUte% or if 1 at*
tempted a^ abridgement of the present paper, I would merclj'
render it tuoless to the enquirer, without making it more
interesting to who do not wish for more than a mperii-
cial knowledge of the subject And as tho Conadt of tlic
Asiatio Society wore kind enough to allow mo to print the
oopica I required, from tlwr typos as thsy stood, I have
preferred allowing it to stand as it Is, though folly awaio of its
many imperfcctiona, trusting that at some future period I nwy
have an opportunity of affording tho public fuller iafunnatioo
on the subject, and in a utoro satisfactory form, than the prtaent
caaay esm preteud ta

IN'l’KODUCTION.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

VIGNKrrfi ON TITLS PAGE

!• • tUw of Uw Khoada^iri hill at CuUa^, which te ockljr wpantrd hy
a nnow laiioo tnm Uw UdTafhi bill, «o wU^ tha pclKi|ol Buddhiit
carca an citaated. Tha principal cava, la Um eentn of the view, ii lha
Jaina one tnairtiw w d page ISae Uia laegntoa thle hiU; eereral otbenan
«M an variooB paita of U, bat the grcatee aumbar an hid bjr tha hraahwood
aiMl tina. Ob tha of tha hill U aeen the Jaiaa tenpla, hoUl by tha
Mahemtaa,

PLATE I.

Tha apper view la one of the two-elortad cana «f whkh aavttal nhe
here, hot lathe pnaeal inataiiae tha apper ataey ikicenct appear ever to have
pueaened a veraadah, thoogb prolactrd by the projeetiag ledge of rock, and
, the dean open directly to the ceUa; aa will ha oboerred, however, they are
beilU Bp by (ha Faketrt, who bow lahaMt them, and are vwy twwUlinf to
admit atnngm to aaamloa tlwir dark abodea.

Tha lower view teprcanla the inteeiar of tha veiaadah of tha Gonem
Oampha* •• , with tha doeea leading to (ha cell. Tha two may be eouideted
ao fair avenge epadmana, both aa to aim and atyle, of the gcnoalily of the
old Bodilhiat eavea ia CaUaak.

• The etewa.phw e< ifcv mve PlMeNe. UeaMtIaecB afanmaUi ■hwbe. Ipwita

•• ihn* ireev wt gl a el l y Ove pUan W BiM M the iwnBili. tot tto «ae Ito ipKtMie
totbaiBthaever-h itoaU toeahud. The maaBtoo Bwtow tom phato nBUMMnl,
aWeb <e(Mfae (tof etoaU aal to.

X

IVrUODVOTlOX.

PLATE IL

AfttmlTtowofth* kUrt evm «t AjnnU, rfu»wliif U»lr podOon ■Jui

riN nklinly to »lk rotk Id wWck Umj am cut; la wldA ntptci the**
MVH )M*I 0 docMod adrutagt «m all oOun I an teqaaintad whk awl on
tLa Plata thay appaar of awn non ionportaiMn tkaa In nallty. Thay an
•iM thota ritaatad )i%haal in tba lock. Tha aarUa of caan alopca. on tho
T%bt of tba dniriag, almoat to tha bod of tha atraam.

PLATE in.

PajalT.

Iha Cbaitya caw at Ajanta, and, axcoptiag parkapa tha one at
Kjrti, pnliapa in India. The wood woik of tho nof liaa entirely dia^
paarol, kaaln* aoly tba marka on tba plaitar when It haa bean, bat tha
ribWap la tba aide alaUo ahowa lia fonn and dbpoaitton.

It la ffSealt la andentand bow the broad Wt oror the plllan haa baan

on»aaBaatad,aa»almaofpUBlaar«malna««lt,thoo*h It katlll tolanbly

«rtiM both In tha pUlanbolow, and roof abowthlapart: tothot ItpnbaWy

wwailbereownd with tapeatiyor wood weric.aa peobnWyalw wao Iho
d^ptpa, whlA *owa tba anana dtnndad, nnWahod appainneo» axeapt tba
tn CO tha aunaill.

PLATES IV. V,

PegalS,

Repreant tha lotarion of tha two finaat Vihan or monartory enm at
AjonU, Kca. 1« and 17. Tha finl rlaw ia takan fiotn tha dooirw^, tho
wood within tba fint cotoviad^ Innadinioly behind the pillar raproaeBtod
In Plate 6 of dua Yolonte, In both bwtaooca looking inwardo lowatda tha
asetnary. Tbken together lhay may aerro to giw * wry tolmUo iden of
tha «Rhiteotan of theoo two bemtifdl mwa, b«t my dnwinga wen not
MSdmtly dolalled to admit of ay attemptirg to do Jiiatloa to tbafreoeoc^
yhlfb owfayto the Imporfactkn of tha 1^ cumot tartly ba akatobad from
tba mma apot, bat moat haw ban drawn aepwin t ol y and aflerwardi bana*
fenod to tha dawing; tba porttieo of oot, bewowr, k aeon in Ibi lift4wnd
cocner af Pkto V, m dialincUy aa tba light woold allow ma to dnw it wHh
tba camamludda.

nucRimox of tub platbs.

xi

PLATES Tl. AM TII,

SI, AMD FLAK 3,

1Wk«t lagtlW, will, 1 tnul, lem to illwti«U tho iitw ood
oToot of (bo moot potfoct, (boagh ilor from Utaii: «m of Um moot qiWedid,
ChoU^o mm in ladU: In (bio inoUnm eroty dttoil ii c«( In tbo aolU
lock, and tbm dom not opjMT to boro bom • divlo woodn oraoiMnt on
any put, ytiwf extenol or bilomal, oo that wo now on tbo mro nonriy u
H WM left when ftnt oxmvtied. Tbo dogopo la poitkakr io the moM
jiorfmt 1 know of, ami tbo only om that hia tbo too vi(b tbo tbroe
snbKllaoinKone*; and maUmui to aapply otrtiil doftdmeka net only
in other m*<a, Imt In ilia groat otnictaial dagepaa, wbkb genniUy an
■horn of *b'« ^poidago, wbkb howorcr ealitad In all, and ia tha eiigu of
the three and nina^rM towera of China, aa I iball abow alaawheR.

PLATE VIU.

Pago SI.

An axtarior riew of caro Vo. 7. ExIeratUy ooa of tha moat akgaat
Vlharaa at Ajaata; U haa, bowmr, no bitrmal hall, in wbieb loapcet It
difloto eonddmbly Cram moat of thoaa la thia place, and Irnka non Hha tha
Brahmaidca] mm at Elina, than a DmMhkt Vibara. I(a archMcctnre la
Intaradii^ m tba pUIan have tbo wna cubka capitali m an frond at
at Elkfa (aae Plate IX. of thte voLX at Salaetta (ace Plata XYl.
of folio TOtasM), and tboogb aoaaaUting lOea thm la foond in the boUdlnga
of the aoolb of India, nothing of tho aort exiita, that 1 am awart o( la any
atnietiral bnUding to the north of tha Kerbiadda.

PLATE IX.

Pago S3. PLAVS,

Reptoaenia tho voraadth of cm of tho nxte modotn mm at Ajaota, and
comparwl with tbo vetandah, Plate L, offietaa eempariaoe betwemoMof
tho oldmt and one of tba moat nodtm apeebaana of Baddhiat mvo archl-
teetnro ia Indk; tba cotnjnnaon howovar b omrcoly Cab to tha Oitteek
mampla, which b aaall and without math piHtfiiioa. whik thb bdonga to
a mva of coeaidatahW pretenaion and rkbocm; and llthogTirhed by an
artiat who wm not aeqaaintad with the minota paeuliantks of alyio, tlw

. Atem*.»-a nm h wpm— a m ite mtoteffc b a* temw.a fyaAoli^
««.«h«am0^aff-fa.V-am.lT*tei«aftteoman«ilmi.*.)m0^b*

Ui«ri nte •(* »te «ma» om t tel aai tebg miwmA Ii h-km-te. m p^a-a >7

ite aiW. mt m oM pwHm III wo kw u iter.

INTBOOOCTIOH.

Mim mnpb bok. Wtor »h« It ihouM do Ib wiUi U«

Mieiwl whkk h» •«reoly W llko iiMtte* dooo to It.

PLATE X.

pir* 7 -

AB.ttorio.ti.wof th.r«tci« .tK«U,whkh lh.ro dowibod «
fallTinth.toxt.th.tliiwdiiotr.portllHdtKrfirtbnl*"- ltl*thoo.ly

fa tU. rolw thot b M» eoplwl frcm 0 ikota. of my owTt. i-do with

Utf ounof* Udd. Md I «Mnol thoWofo T»U« «*«r for tbo ««TKtM« of
tkt Twportb.; b«t Mr. Wt'o lorgo pbU.fcwn whkhU b fakoa. b n
.nmUr «rm*, •• to wwJy .11 th. doUU. ihM «• T.**’

Tfatt. WbcM it Kortl I hod tW* rUw fa Bty pooMolo^ wd ftndlttg tt to
MrfocL I eoBUoIwi I»y.t*l with I»kii >8 . f.w loot.. »d oernoeUon., wi»

Hrii, to tho poa ofowd « tfa Wt. »d tho Mb. «d tt w^

Itar. boM by M » ..y uA to mak. . doUibd dr*wbf »y»l£.

11».<»r.b,howfm,io«.tkl to tho ol.clttatloB of th. oob}..*, tUlI
WeMthMUt.dtotoW)dw»llliwi,indwilbtliowMxodwoodo«t of

DEaCRIPTION or Tns PLATKA.

xtii

Ui« LontM lUiltl eat« la Dehir, wUI, I tnut, throw mn« at« light on Uio
oahjotl, u Ukon togothor I think thoy provo moot ^UUncUy the woodM
origin of otnwit ororjr roonbtr of thio itngnUr ofchitooturo; and 1/1 am
oomct In mi^Uirlng tba Behar awapla (fai ifiUo of Ua iMcription) to ba
tJta mrlimt fiifado of tha aort, wo aoa bow liula tba Ant oapian devlaUd
ftom tboir original, aa rttty part of It it matoly a rapatHioD, In atone^ of tha
wooden odHiooa attachad to tba groat dagopot In Siam* and Dannah at tha
prraent day, making allowanoa Ibr tha dilTtraMO of detail, aridng from tba
diflarat ago and diffarrnt eonatry In which they ara axaeutad.

Kartl la a atop In odranea of Otia, lovarat patta bring oridmtly oltbia
copitd from matonry, or adaptod to Uu nmlalal in which it waa axaentad;
and In aalot>|ttant oxonplm, Mcb aa that ahowa PWta VI., tha wooden
origin la aUIl fnrtbar dapaitad from; and aa fai Uio Vialiwaearma at Blara,
all tba parta wblob ratain tha wooden form am rcpoalod In atene. In thia
enriy oxmnpU at Knrti, boworoe, tho ftamlng in tha groat arch, Uw riba of
Uia roof, and tba galleiiaa on tba aeroen wore alt in wood, and many parta of
tliom tiill rrmaln.

PLATES XI. era XIU
Pago 80,

AW SMALL PLATE VIIl. of thk Vohimo.

Tbo oxtofier vlow of tho grwt ChaHya earo at Kannari, dom not proamt
tho ramo naana of obmparbon m that of Kartt, fer aa all tbo omain«i<a of
ita front were in wood, and not ooaaKhltoctunl detail axacutad in thorodk,
w« bare only tho form of the coring by which to jndgo of Uwir almilarlty.
Plato XX,, bowaror, reproaenUng throe plUan in cnob cavo, fomUhaa mam
oartain nmana of comparing tha ana with the other, and abowt rlearly tba
Infrriurlliy of daaign and oxrenthio diaplayod in tba latUr 1 ineirtiwi on b
tho text, and which iadurod ma to aaaert that one waa matoly a had oq>y el
tho oUwr; aa 05 iinien I hart ainoo aem no roaaon to rctnb. llirar thma
ptatea, with Uio aketch, plan and aaetbn at tha and of thia rnlnma, ^U, 1
truM, tondor tba plan and dealgnof tbiaa tomcaraaaadhtinetaa tha nature
of thia work will admit of.

PLATES Xiri. iKD XIV.

P^ ». 3B.

Tha ftrot of thma ia the Durbar cava, which though tba flnaat Vibara at
Kannari, ia law in tha prbelpal etory, and poor In ita daearation, whm

t'ltvnav'* Entuir (• IIV.

INTRODOOTIOK.

xiv

« «o*U VJhMt Wglier up « the Wn, iauw^ •• * typ* « •>* ““

eeriefcwidilw «•»#«»• of ewopoitoon with thoeo a Ajaftte, Hlfph*uU,
end fimwbMn. w I awtiooed «h« WUb* PWU* VIU., who. elUdlB*
to thcM fowipting the mhloB-ohopod ooplUlo.

PLATE XV.

Pi«t46.

A*thee*woofE»l9ir»hoTtbe*neo oftm diown, thU end the fcUc^

ftiothoonlyonmplooofthletntowotinf eerioellioeo thought »neo*o*y
toinlrodaeoiBlh«oniittl»tk.D*. Ao the prooent vtow wM owofoUp taken
wHhlhe MB«aludda,ltwlU I belloro ho found more wnwt than wy

klthoeto pnblidud, and U U to lnt«etii« an onampU, thot the UhuimUaM
would not bo oonpkto -ithmrt It, though Ua »h«lo IntowH bo

eiiiiiortitod without tho conU*npo«ry «xanpl«o ftom tho north and eonth
of India, bail* placed la jaxtapoaltloo with IS lo la to Aow the dlffwwico
of ityU fwtt thoae around h, ai well ae Ita itriklng elmiJarity with the
float UtapUe of the Canatie.

PLATE XVI.

FagoU.

I haro ieiroduead thla pkrta not only that I wight Inelode a ^admen
of a Hindoo row, but Uronae It hai be« lingulaHy oiwlodkod by thoae

who haw p-bliahad iUurtroOoM of KUoia, though to arohHortnio U aa £ne

ai that of any dnihur row of tho laiieo.

Tho difteroro hetweon tliie anamplo end a Buddhirt Vihaia, will be eioa
to the piUaa etondiag all owr tha Aoof. at oquidietanS oo at kart etodlaf,

dktanroafconoBeaaotbor.nolroqiidaballaotothoothtfo; tothetobrtag

alaoitall dhdmikr, and to the drtaile being boldly eculpturod,»<* not
trattog to painting fcr Iheh deooratioa. m at Ajonta, beddro the other
poeultoitiei nuntioned In the textt.

plate xvn,

pag.au

WiUtirw roatypool aUtho oxrowted rorro atMahorelUporo. Tha

Uan^ of tha pillan ehowe how eonpktaly tha iplrit of row an^taetore

* to*^to-ealb.rid* trod Wai eiii^

--« -* miH‘-f**** e*iu*»—ae; « -w* ken nyberfae icdemoll/

hnUg MkuW -• MeltonUy.

OMCRtPTION or THE PLATER. XV

had dvfratnUd Into • eop^ of ttnetnnl ImiUinE^ ORd Ui* oddltko of Iho
■Inioton] TimoM on tlw top of tlw rook, od^ onethtr iMonfriiljr to ito
^tpeoniMo; lit plUon, bowovor, ihow tbot Kmnont of tko Elcpliaiite
ctuhloo-fom, wkUfi k tflU found In tlio Cwnotk. It k tlie(«tber, how>
OTfr, on iatenkinE oxonplo of the dodino of tho dyk wUdt tboo* pktai
VO fnnnt to illiMtnto.

PLATE XVIll.

IV «T.

Tho cdobnlod Avo lUtlMy oooh of wlikli b mlptund out of o linElo
blodt of granMo protruding fnm the md on tbo oao oliort. la ityk thrjr
Moug latiftljr to Uio oouthorn t^, and it will bo o b o t rrod tbot (tho
PNOod vd bat purtfealntt/) ptcotnt maap petab of iluntrily witli tho
Kjbn at EUon; to bo awarc^ bowover, of tbo raluo of tiib ootapaiboB I
dioold bo aUa to prora tho dlaabuOarltj fram etbar buUdintp, of wMeh
unfortaaotaly, thb torioa afforda no axamploL

Tbo rbw b takaa boklag lowarda tho mo, ftoa wblcb tbo foil taoon b
iWag, whib tbo Mtling aon atlU Ungea tbo baQdlnga.

■ >M TIIK

UOCK-CUT TEMPLES OF INDIA.

TiiiaiK art few olijceu of ■nti<|aariau rcwartk that kave al(nct<>d
mnn attealioa ftnm tlio Icarac*! in Europr, than tbe hirtory aad }>«.
pom of tlM ChTO Tnnpln of luilis. bat if wo cxeei>t tbo Kill uncz-
pUincd aBti«ioi«irt of Mosiw*, 1 know none rtgardtDu wkkk aa iittJo

t, MtisfeKory ku Wa cl>dl«l, or aboot whtrb w> iiiaaj, aad
cnek JwcoTdaat opniom osU: ai»«l wliilr tbc age of ovMy boikliag of
OiMce and lUtMO ia known with tko utmoK preoMOii, and tU <lal«a
of even tbe K^tian nMiaiirantU naentaiiMd witk ainewt oa nock rer-
tainty aa tkooo of owdiasval caibcdrala, Kill alt in Indb «• darkncM
and aocortalnty, and there ia acareclj a work ea arehilKtoro
mnetl, or leetore road, wUck dooa not ctnaBrOrt by a eonpariaoa
liKwcen tba atylv of India and E({y|il, and after pointieic oat a wiai*
larity wbkk aeoma t» be aa catid»lidiod point of (aitk ia Earupo,
tkoagk ia wality no two atylca are more diacorOant, tbe aatbor
ganorally preewda to doiibt whkli u tko tnoro aarieat of tka two, and
in lawt «a«a narritica tUe pahn of antiquity t* tl»e Indian aa the pcota-
tyi». Yet, in tratk, Egypt bad ccaW to bo a Katkia befon tbe
oarlmt of tko reve temidea waa excavatwl, ami if wo except tbe copire
of earlier Krneturee erected by tbo PtoUrmiea and C««ra, Utere ie
nothing 0 * the Uake of the Nile wbieb doee not belong to a diSenat
and far wiore aoekot qwch than anything in India.

Hail Mr. Jamee Prinaep lirod to eontlnne for n fa* ycaie longer
the teecardwa wbiek bo eoaimcaccd, and continoed witk nek reeeaaa,
be probably woold bare eeeeccded in raiahig tbe reil whkh rtill
^uobU in ekeearity the aati«ioiliea of India; and though be baa demo
mndi. and prtbapa more than «»y one who preeeded Um, be wu
calle^l away bofure hla work waa compicto, an<t no («e in India baa
mutt, attempted to WIow up tbe taak he bad peoji^ to bunreU.
Tbo kpiril and etiUmakan ko infu»ed into all an.und him kaa died with
him, and the lubjeet of Indian antiquitlre rrlaped into the former
ktato of hoprleoi neglMt.

Tbe only nttcinpt 1 am aware of t» do any thing to fellow op
Mr. Prinrep'e dli«»eef>ee ia that of Dr. Blnl, of Bombay, who, vhilo
tbe apirit waa KnKg iu Imlia. commeoced the taek of copying all ibo
iaaoripliooa in tbe rare trni|dca on bw »ide of Italia, and ^ting deaw-

n

2

THE ROCK'CUT TtMPLKS

lags nade by aosw Portngiuae awitaiita ha had, «f Iher architMtara.
Whao 1 WM ia Bgmbay ia t8S9, hia work waa in tha praaa, u4
beUeriag that it vonU aoon be publitbed, asd that hia taatlBony on
Uie aobjeel woalil bo noro raluabla than mino, and probably nffidost
to aatiafy enrioaUy, 1 abaiKioned tbo idea of pubtUliing niy viawa oo the
anbject; but wbea I reTMtal Booibay m the tfirng of Um preaantyear
I fbaad the wvric atill ia the pieas ae<l with apparently aboat tbo
■•wm ehanoo of ita being pabti^ed now, aa there waa foor yean ago.
I hoTO l«ea timCbro- iatlnood to pal the following muarka on paper,
beliaring the aobjeet to bo one that codd aearceiy fail to be of iatoreat
to the Society. And I do tliia not with any idea of antidpaliog or
ftreatalliBg Dr. Biid’a work to wbkh I would willingly giro preea-
denee if I nw any chaaoo of ha being pobliahed; hot, bcetaao, aa I
boliere oar nMMlea of roeoareb to haro been totally different, tbo one
Bay threw light on (he other, and if I am not miataken in what he
told me of hie work, titey cannot intorfrre. //it eoneludomi are drawn
priaeipnlly from tbo inaorijdioiM and written antltotidea, while mine
bare been arrirod at almoat catirriy from a critical narrey of the
whole mriM^ awl a careful eemporiMD of one enro willt anolbcr, and
with the differeut atruotuml buildinpi ia their neighboutiiood, tho datoe
of which are, at lout iqypreuiMatiTely kauwn. A eombinalion of both
theae methoik of rceenreh io ncwwniy to ooUk any point deAnitcly;
hat the inMriptwoa trill not certainly by theniMlree anower that pur>
pou, for in many inataacea they were cot long Mibee>qiieBt to the aocer-
lained date of the earo, aa h the Oanoaa Oompha'*, at Cnttaek; and 1
have aho reaam to anspect, thot, in aoiM inatanoee at least, Iho Bnd-
dhiits affected an older ebaiaeter u more laeted, aa we aomoUmoa nw
old Bogliab letter* n modem itHcnpliooc. Unleaa, tborefuRs they
ooBtain nance that can be tdentiSed ia ame of tbo lista we pnmrm, or
dnlee^ the infennooe they load to, cannot in all caaee be relied upon;
and oxeept the Behar cave* I an not awam of any, where the nance
have been at all eatiafaclnnly irlntiiled; and I do not know of any
•angle earn iDacriptioo boniing a dato from an aacerlained ora. Still
tho iarcripticu form n moat ceacatlal port of the ini|uiry, but one
that I had odther leiaaro not tenramg anffieieot to dori>(e myaalf to;
and though I matt couMqMntly aduit the imperfvctioa of my lahonn
from thia mow, I had other advnetagee for pnaecating the itiqairy that
haro fallen to the lot of few; for m the rariou jonmeye 1 nndktrtook I
waa anabhid to viail alroott all the reek*cut Tcmplea of India, from

> Oompha, h the toeal < h d|atti«e (w a mn at CuUattci gurfcba or prUia,
weoM I betitra be nore c ar rwt

or INDIA.

•T

thoao of CnttAok ud HoliaTolliporo' on iWoaMeoM, (oUioMof Bllom
nnd Snlartio o«i tlw wMtorB umIb; uid (ttoio u* few InOdinfi or dtM
of importnoeo in Imlk wkk-b I Ii&to not tt ono time or otker been nble
to rwit and examinr. I luul hceblor tbs aiiruitage, tknt «• all wjr
Jonnie* were umlertakcii tor tlw mlr puqicM of Mtii|imnaa rwateb,
I wan enaUed to tiorote my whoto and andiridcd attmtion le tbe mIh
ject, and nU my notae and aketchM were Miade with only one nlycet
m view, tiiat of aMerUinisg the a^ and olijcet of there hitheite mya*
tenoua etractona Wheiea^ moat of thMO who have hitherto wriltea
on the aaljcet, thoq|[|h drawing and writing hotter than I ean prateed
to do, hare Miy riiiled the eavM and tempiM incidentally while
(ravelling on other aveentivne; ami none that I know oC hare been
able to CBibraoo to oxtemdro a Udd of roeearrii aa 1 have.

I hope, therefore, it will bo imkratood, that (lie following remarkc
are not offerwl u tho rcealt of mack lenmhig or deep reeMrch, bot
■imply aa tho praatical exporieooo of an arebitoet in a fevorite lianneh
of hie etady.

In a abort paper m the proaent ia intended to be, it will bo raipoa>
eiUo to eater into all tho argumenta (liat may bo urged fur and agaiaat
tho ranooa dhputed potato of Indian and Bnddhiat rlimeolof^; and
thoagh I ato aware tlwt I may <iftaa appear dogmatical in atatiag uy
coDcloiioDa, without addneug the renao^ig from which they have been
arrived at, I do not think I oaa be too oooeiaa, at Icaat, ia tb* firat
inatanoe, am) if any point appean to be of nflieiant intcreat to tba
Society, I cno afterwaida aihl inora tlolail than my limita at preHant
admit of. I abaii at the anme timo try to avoid, as moeb na pcanUo,
all hypothetical maUcr, and atate merely what bear* directly on tbo
wbject ander eooMderatioa, and that aa ciiennetly la pomihW; and I
ahall be leaa tempted to digteaa, aa I have for eomo lima paat iatmdad
pablHhiDg a aoriM of riewa^ iUestrative of thia anbjeet, aoeompaniad
by a voluaa of lotter-pnaa, ia which I ahall baro idmsdaat epporta.
aity of atating all thew viawa at length. That I may. however, ba
ahdentood in tba following rouarka, I will atata hero tba prneipal

* Th(M aiv varisna wajm «f ipriHag aad pfaaMaeiair the t —i of (hb placo.
Tha aimt tiap8lar,*B4 lh*«M by nhwhit bgrMnllj' kauwa hkEavefc^ b Naha.
Mipeenm, "TWcil/ef IW gnat IWlir Ian wMch bn»w avamlly il h iw f to
ba baomet, Uwach adofMi) wHfe a dt^ varbibn of *p*l>wg bf Mnwa Oacn.
tw *ai1 fiTlit'-t*— Mr.BaUiacMeaiU It MahamtWrnr.-TWcbraf ih»
pmt BioeMaSB,** tevtag fouA it m caM In a Tamai imedfcioB ihww

Lwalljr, b b ralbl MahawWowv, Mavalirmat, Mallmia, Aa. f bava
thm^baM tUa paper a4a|>te<t th* m imM RwwhUag it* popular aame,
wMiout preiewSag to my etytatbglial wnvc t ama, ar le aaj' h /| ilbidi rtprtiif
at hbMp.

u f

4 THl tOCK-ClTT T«MPLtS

««elo-ic«u I 1 «e«^i-.g tl« '*'«!«■. 'r*^

Ml U* gwKi'i* «» rtMcning

liv wbWi tbrjf w* itttp|>ort««l li—it.

^ •n... fiM U. TTmt 1^ to •>» Bnddh*,» MwU-

.^.1^- «ilTin IW ..-iry. . dcW*«l gns-^lnp. very

pC.. i~h« .i- •"“■;.,f)“‘""srs

tho «W, l«tW4y l>ro furw of Ibr -MW- Tl« I*"*

«|j»W .«» BtuUUii-.« ** >•"» btww It. owe It* onffin W

Oouni bTuU-IIio «« of SwI-Wm.; «..l «thcr «n ^rcly
new fort.. ««» »“ «>*" pcr-c.Uii.(t rrliRiow, or wUt U •"“«

ttf Wb. »e.l proW-ly to ,^yX

ko-rrcc U« .lifforwl m»r). from Ibr f

wo Sod Urn ki»«. «.d ^

o«. » Iho otW. witkmt difffoltyor M«ten«t; *m\ «
tioD of Ike Oiek. »d in iwUro rr«»d*. w«^ «f»n> «"•! “

iliatiunUk IwtwWW tb** «"*' . n > I1

«. =« •■<■• "'r’^ “

Iti, to ..r tl» li»»Hiitoy» toto«k.4 »liA g.«i-~lly •'«™'

itoZ -/««!». (n-H^h I »«"

__J, to lirfy .]{|4w« tb*? or«l W tbe reign of AjnlMUn, nna piMo

^ to, i. r,rftau, toto»i » 1< s-w "■•;■■. “J ”< .'^

fomiw not mwy >*«* f'*'® Oyb*** Mtboritle pl«« it

ti- .< A-V. .ill toto~ • -I-

k„&r% drMrfr Moiadbn » tb* bfgioBing of t1*o Sflb century,

L «.«b it neer -e- to hnv, oUnim.1 n |*t»«e.t

It Bt»bmu.irol rrligioo Ml l-femlW. wnl dnno* ibe

„to«Bm-y In tbe nunb. ibia fonn <J U wm .lubomted wbi^ Sowing

UtkoTtbn |i*fmt enntry eni-u in ibe form *0 b»» *"•' ‘‘•

WHh rrrM to ibe MliHuity of the oMinuwenb.. all Umt 1. be«
^,f. .rT^ri“ fa. thm tb# oklet rrlir. U wIk-w cinteiw* I •"•

nwnie «« ibe UU-. b**^ *** “f ^“"^,^7”

tbf nikMIe *4 tW IbiiJ oeiury I um •*«•» •«■*" ^ eii*^

,f win «»e uitrrfar to. or em cu vnl whb tbec. nor of »y
mrml'uiUing wfa-r dwe «» nnrb « b«b tbo ftrnt eentune

^^T nlly nU-UW »but it niiwnr. quite eiilMit tbnt ibe Bnddl.Mo

or INDIA.

5

ver* the aerliott cave difcgvns uhI thet it k not diffltnlt to Inoo the
ceonecliun of the whole acrioi from *'tho eeriicet abode of Bauddha
aaeeCke' at N'egaijeal, to the Kjrlae at Rllora; bot ae the pefaieipal
object of the |ir(Mci>t |tt|>er i« to |iolnt oat thia ooaaecUoa, I will aoi
enbrfo bimm it aiufo tn tide plaooi hot in onlor to he undotoood, I
moat, before precoeding to dewrilM particular ea’ree, eajr a few worda
on the anliject geuenlljr> to iM>hit uut the different clavaca into which
thejr are divld^ and oufuw<|aonlly, explain the uaroaa I ahall apply to
thetn lUtwuKboat.

Aa £ir a* ny kn«w)ed|^ of tbo oaro tcmplcu of India extead*y tbo
whole may be claMofied under Ihc following hcada.

Fint, Vihara, or Monaatcry Cavea

let. The fint wWirMciii of diia claai eooidaU of nataral eaveraa or
carco alifhUy injieuTail by art. they aro aa niitclit bo aaeumeti the noel
aneieal, and are only fotuwl appropriated to religioua petpuan in the
ohkir reriei of Odiar and CaUaek; and Uwofit acme are found
among the woaem earoe, their oxiitcBoe there ajipaare to be quite
aoeidenuL

The teroad auLdiriaion eondeU of a rerandab, opening behind lato
etdia for the abode of the ptierfu, but witlniat aanctaarioa or inugoa of
aay wirt Tbo Muiideot form of tlda cIom conintoa of merely mm
aquam cell with a porrii, xoTorul iaatanccw of wbioh oeeer ia the Cut¬
tack aeriai; MHuctuaeu the cell U nearly thirty feet loag, aa in the
Ganna Qumpha, of which a iilaa iu brtewhh'; and at Ajanla in the
oklnt Vihara there, tkoarrangcineiit ia farther extended by the veran ¬
dah epeaing into a aquon ball, on throe •idee of whMi the oella an
eitnated.

Ia the third aabiltTitioo of the Vihara cave^ the tail arraagenaot
it further exiculed by tho cnlarguaient of the hall, and the coneoqueot
neoMMty of ito oentre Iwing aa]>purtod by pilUru; and ia thin divieaoa
bnadoi the edU lliat unrruoAd the hall, there ie alwajra a deep neere
faeiag the caUanro, ia which w generally ]»laeed a etatne of Buddha
urith hk wual attendant*, tltu* fitting the eavo to bocoae net oaly aa
abtide fiw the prireea hat ako a (dace of wurahip*. At Bang, thcatatue
(if BoihUsa ia repiaced by the Uagliojia; hut thia ia I bcdioTe aaolitary
iiataure of ke exiaUnce in a Vihara ea«'e.

To ihk divMon behiogit by far ibe groatout number of Duddhbt
excavatMu. The niuot aplemtiil of Ibcn are tliooe at Ajunta; though
the Dberwarru, at Rllora, kaUu Aue; and tboro an atn aocM good
tjweinica* at SalK-tie. and I bdkve Juair.

* PlurNo. I.

■ rUMNaX

6

THI BOCK-Ctrr TBMPLB9

n* Bwood «kN oouirta of BaddUA Chti(]r» CkvM
Hew u« the Uonplc^ or if I mejr ue the npraodon, the ehirchee
of (he Mfie^ and one or inore of Utom io eUadied to mvrj wt of cavee
h the wwt of tnlk, thoegh noee exiM ie tlie oeeiern aide.

Ualika the Vihan^ (he ]daa and amngetneut of all theae eaToe ia
exaetlj (he auMj aixl though (he dotaila ami Molpttin vaijr with the
age ia which they wore executed, aouw atrong reti^oua fooling aeMta
to hare attached the Baddhiata to octo |)artic<jlar form for their plaoee
ef woffbip.

Ia the Vihacaa, we eaa (nee the progroee from the naiple oaren
to the perfoct moBaatoiy, but theae aecm at once to bare aprung to
perfeetioa, aad the Kadi eavc^ which h the moat porfoct, io, 1 boliere,
aim the cldort ia ladk. Had (ho otjlo boeo gradually elaborated in
- (ha nek, from the napcriabable nature of mch laonumoota we eeuM
aot foB to hare diceovored the earlier uttompta; but bnodoa thia, tbece
are saay roaaooi that I ahall notloe io the proper phtoc, which lead sie
to Mpfweo that ibi^ are oo|)MW of the mtorim- of atructaral beihliBga;
aed it ii Mt one of tlio lout ungular drcmnataacoe attached to their
huCoty, that BO tneo of mch bnihlinga exiata ia Intlio, aor, I beUere,
ia OeyloB, aor ia (bo Buddbiat coautiiM beyond the Qoiigoa

All tlweo oarea ooacht of as eatcmai laoreh, or rnuaie gallery, aa
ialma} gallery over the cBtraaor, a eeativ aiaie which I will call the
ttaro, (from ita tmeniUance to what bean that name ia oar ohurobee,)
whhh io tlwaya at loaat twice (be length of ita breadth, and ia roofod
a plaia wag^ Taolt; to (hit ia added, a eemt-dune tennbating
y aare, aador the centre of which alwmya ataoda a Daghepa or
haityL

A narrow u«Ia alwaya rarreuada the whole interior, ae]«mted froB
the aavo hy a range of uumiro coluuma The aiala ii generally flat*
roofeil, though aunelitnn in (bo earlier exataidoa it ia eoverod by a
Mod-nult

la tha oldest teoiplfla (be IXaghopa cooauCa of a plain circalar
dm, MiDoeated by a liemar|>bmeal dove crowned by a Too, which
aupported (ho aaabrrlla of atate. Ia the carilar exainjdee thia waa ia
aood, and aa a ge&era] rule it may bo aauerted, that in theae all the
[Huta tliat woehl be oonatrtwtrd ia wood in a atneCuiml beildiag, are
io weed ia the caTco; but la the more modem avea all tboae part^
Hcb aa the rnuaie gallery oetaidr, the riba of Uio roof, tbo onomenta
of (ho Dagbotn, the uaibrclla of aCato^ Ac., are repeated ia the nek,
though tho eaaw forma are pretereed. In front of the mote modem

iloto Me. a.

or INDIA.

7

Dogbopai then it % anlptonl ilebt eontainhig • flgsra of

BwidlM witli hit ftlteniJult; tliit m»y h»v« oxWwd ia wood m (bo
toon aodmt, umI cooteqiieBtljr boro tUM^ipoand, bat I an ratbtr
'molmod to dunk it ia « anoden iaaovaiioa.

TImm two eUatM eotapnbond all die Buddbiat cakvea id India.

TIm Thitd elan oomitta of BnUimanital tata, {iroperlj to ealled'.

In fonu many of thou ato ee]iiaa of, and all a gooii deal naonbla
the DudtUiiM Vibara, to maok ao aa at flnt tight to lead to the tap*
poaiUoa (bat (hoy an ^mpriotMiaa of Buddbiat oavoa (o Brabnaaicat
parpoaaa On a moio intiuato aoijuaiaUBoaliowevar with thorn, naoy
pointa of diatuMtioa an ohtarrod. The afxaagenienl of the pillaia, aad
die poaitiion of tho anactuaiy, it in no iualaaoo the aame aa ia a
Viban; tlx^ tue never aamHudad by eolit, aa ail Viliaraa an^ a*"!
tboir walla aie iavariably eurofod, or meant tu be, with aeolptan;
while the Vibana are alucat aa mmriably docoratad by paisliag,
except the aaneteary. Hw aubjeeta of the a^ptiuo of eouno ahraya
aet tbo qaealioD at teal.

Tbo ducat tpccinMoa of tUa data are at Sllora and Elrpbanta,
though aonu) go^ onoa oxiat aho on the lalaml of Sabotte, aad at
UabareUipore.

The Poarth ohaa coudata of roek-eet Modela of atractninl Bnb-
inantral tempk% or, aa I will call thaw, Paoudo^mctural templea.**
To (hia dan belong tbo far-famaJ Kylaa at Rllota, tho Sivite lauple
at Doomnar, and the Rntlia at Mahavoiliiioro. Bxocpt the laat,
which aro out onl of iaolaud Uoeka of granite, tboto tempka poanaa
tho inonediabto dofeeta of ataadisg in pita, wlurh i>TOvenU Ibm bcisg
proporiy aaen, and die aklo of arliidi bdag of ooano bigber thaa tho
tamplea, eniahu them and gircathem an inaigniltcant appoataaco; and
thoo^ they are not the lenat htareating, th^ are in wone teate and
went gnaiDar than any of the preeediag ooea.

Tbo Indm Snbbn group at Ellon abonld pethapa fonn a Fifth
clan, aa it cannot in atrictaan be Wought andar any of (he above
boadai but it ia difflcuH to decado wbothar they aro Bmhinakal or
Jaina; if the fonner, they bdoag to tho third cbm, if the latter, thoy
moat be daned with what in reality fonu tho

Fifth da«s or true Jainn oavee, which, without thb aplandid auxi¬
liary ate few and inaignifleant, though there are mmm tolenUe ooea at
KhamUgih in Cuttack, and ia the awthcni partii uf India; and in the

' Ptetc Na 4.

8

TUB BOCK-CUT TEHPLB8

rock of dto fort tU Oiulior, then an a namber of colomi fignrat of
OM or the other of the Tkuthoalun e«t (q the rock, with oonotinoe,
thoogi) aot always, a mall ooreoB loft before them, which thoa forma a
■nail ehaaibw. SoiM of them an ahtini;, aomo ataading, and maDjr
of eetomal dimenatoBa from thirty to forty feet highj the whole how*
erer ia of rode bad aou]|)ture, aad the date about, or nlher aultaeqaeai
to (bo aioTooOi or twelf^ eentury of the Chriatian on.

Bofen ptooeedinf to domibo partkokr earea^ 1 may alao mention
here, that la aprahiag of Baiidbiat Chaitya oave% I haro need ternm
borrowed from tho nawoo pvrn by aaliijBanaaa to the differont parta
of Cbriadaa oharehei,l)eeMee In fern oml arran|!o«neBt th^ oo euedy
roMtnblo tho choira, moro |Articulariy of tlio Norman olinrcfaee of the
ekrenth and twelfth oenlorioa, that ao coofuaron can ariao from niy
docng 00 , aad I kaow aoi where to look for oU>or toruie^ that woold
apply to them, aad hi intoUi|(ib)a

la apeakJng of Hindu tcmplea, aa Ram Raa' ia the only poraon
who haa attempted to deacribo and doflno tito dilFercat purU ^ Hindu
arriiitcctarcv 1 have wed km natiie^ Vimana, to <Uiwribo the prineipnl
tower, or pyramid, or aptre, that oarmounU tho Oaihhogrilta, or mao-
tnary, is which the Mol or object of wonbip ia placed. In Hiadutan,
It ia oaually called Dowal, or Bata, or Bam Dowal, to dietin^iah it
ftom tho former, which ia cotamooly applied to the wholo tmnplo.
Tho pyramidal part ia called Sikia or Surra, more commonly the feracr.

The porch which aiwaye atiade ra front of tho Vimana, I have alao
followed Ram Haa in calling Manlapa, tboo^ locally it ia called
Bcigha Maadap, hlamluf, Mant^on, fee.

Other namot of Imi frequent oecnircneo will bo explained, if nceoo-
aary, aa they occur.

Ihe flnrt aerice of cava* I will mention aro tboao in Bohnr, which
I bare not myucif coco, aa from the dcocriptiona I bad read of titem I
knew that they powwaod no great architectural inogniAocnee, aad I
wna Bct awuv, till too late, llmt three wore perimpo nine of llie oUoet
(taroi in India; nod their locality, too, in tho Ycrybirtk'placo of Bod*
dhiaai, gi\*ei them an inlenwt which aootberaenee pniuoaace, and which
errtainty would Imra lod me to rioit them, bad I been aa fully nwaro
of it then, na I Imve unco bcevnie; fer eitaatwl in the irumediato noigfa-
boarhood of Rajagriha, the capital of India at the tinio of BndJka'a
death, aa<l wbero the Srwt ooDroeotion waa hcbL and in the acighbonr-
bood of the capital of Aaoka', tbey occupy tho locality from which

I Bmajr oa (he AmMlcetara if dw lliuiUji, ain. Leadoa, IhM.

.UelMwame, pp. tS awl SB

OF INDIA.

9

wa Blight axpeet mon of intmat tluu from aaj aorien in India. Tv
Iba artlM, how«ror, thejr an tbo loaat ao of any, an>l wen it not for
Um ioacn]*tMaa on the MilknakTa and othar cam would ba ahnoat
a^ually anialaroitjag to Um aslnioafy. TIm eaiM of thia I bdiaro
oxiita^ to a eertain oxlcnl, ia tho nniiarouMhli) natim of cite roefc in
wbidi they an ant, hanig a loiig low hilt, eonawtiiig of largo Uneki of
gnnito witlioat any eontiniKMu rocL But inon in, I am mdiatid tu
think, owing to tliM Itoing tho flnt attOBapU at earo ankitcclaR, atnl
to the Mmp^idty wklob ia a diatingniahing rharacteriatie of all the
aorlior eav«a U ia in tku northern arm of thia bill that an aitaated
two ntnll raultod oavea^ Die Ant tan foot wide by fifteen long, and
nim feci high, and the other alionl tho luo dimraaioaa la tho
iando Uioy an partially polidmd, but withoat any arrlilUttoml
nwuldtuga OH thooi. It H on theue cam that wen fuaad the two
iaaeriptioaa in tbo Lath dianotcf, deetphered by hfr. Prinarji, in
tbo aixtb rolurao of tho JoonuU of tho Aaiatie Society of Bengal, w
lbUowa>—

“Tho Brahman girl'a caro (and tho Milknud care rMpcctirely),
oxeamted by tbo banda of tho nKwt dorotod ocet of BaiuUha aaoeticn
for the porpooo of a ooclodcd nnalcncc, waa apitointod thoir habitation
in per|Wtahy Daaarntha, tbo bclored of tlie godi^ inincdiatcly on
Ida aacending tho throne.*'

Tbo chancter in wbieb lhaao iaac f i p thma on arrittca, eridently
points to on era not diatont fnm Aaoka, and if tbo jmueo then men*
trooed ia tho Damratha, tbo giudaon of tbat kbif^ whick I aee no
renaoo to donbt hia bebig, we bare at loaat two cavee with an aaeer*
tained date, via, about SOO B.C., and with tbo pnrpuao for wLioh they
oxearated axidained.

Aa far aa onr noeanbea have yet gone thoae an the moat ancient
earn hi India; and I know of no other earee whieb fnn their locality,
their form, or Uiolr I'naeriptiaois ^an eompeto aridi (licm in Chii rtapccC

Tbe other carea of thia aeriw an aituatod at moo little dwtaiMe
from tbo above is tbo ooutlHrs arm of the aome hill, and tbuugb vf
greater extent, an gcoor^ly aa devoid of ardiilocloral oraamoal aa
tbom above deocribetL It ia therefiM only to Uiolr iiiarriptioaa that
we can look for inaterialo to oacertain their date* or onn.

They ronaiat of the Nigaiitini and Heft KancU, or Satgbur gnap.

They Imvo been deooribed, first by llarington, in tho find wluno
of the Armtio Kcfrarcbeo, and by Hamilton, in hia Statistics of Behar.

Tho Ar»4 cociUina tbe iaacripUon first dcet|>bcn<<i by Hr. Wilkias,
ami published with Mr. Haringtona dcarriptiun, ami whirh was rsviaed
by Mr. Prinavp in Angnul, lb37.

10

THI ROCK«CUT TtMPLBS

Aftar an InvooMkn to Uori, K eostalu ao l&Batod aoeooat of tbo
virtoM awl gnat qaalHiM o( tbo khg Yajita Venna, hJa bod Sardnla
Vanna, and lua grawlaoa AnaaU Tarma, who eonaoeratod to tlua
fwldan (D«ti) tbo beaatifal rillago et Davidi, and it i^>paan to hava
tfeoD to roeord tbii gift tliat tbo iaiieriptioii vaa engtarod.

The isai!ri|>tio«i oo tba Heft Kaneb ia in the aaote obaraotar, and
nfan to the nnw partiea

The alphabet in wliieb tboae baeriptioBa an written ii very nsiilar
to that of the Gujita bweripIMD^ on tba Altahahod lAtb; if anything,
men naembliag theancMot Lath character; w« eonld not therefore
hare moch dilBouItj in dxiag aa their approximating dato, the fifth
eentnrj after Chnat, and I do not think then <an Iw mneb difiealty in
Nlmifyiflg the Yiyna Varma of the taaeripiioD, with the Yi^loa Sri of
the Awihra dynaaty of the Pvanaa, and who K la now generally
alloand aaotndgd tho throne of Nagndha, aboot the year 408 of our
ora.

The invoeation to Deri awl the loagnage of llto inacriptiona ia
decidedly much non Bnhmaoieal than Bnddhiat, and aa they do not
itfor to the cavea, wo ore left in uoeertai&ty aa to wbetbor the Veruou
Rally oxcetvated tliom, and to what religion they won dedicatod. It
w dlCcait, hawoTOr, to beliove that any work of the Brahwana eonld
ho left withoot any imlioittion of their polytlteiam, and the aiflaplicity
of the cavea it a atrong evidenea in faronr of their Boddhiatieal ori^;
and la than appeara nolhiag to mnko u beliove that the itiaeription ia
nccoanriiy intognJ, hut may havo been a4lded aftorwazda, it aflbnls,
1 fear, lo luSeient data for oomtng to any aatitfaetoiy oonduion
rrgwding the uonumoot in qneation.

A little farther on it anotlm gron|t, the Karna Cbapora, and the
Lonua rUii oavea 11117 ^ adoniod whh aomo rado aenlp-

tan of a Bralimonical tei^a^. Bat mwo of the inacriptiou 00 then
that hare boon decipbored throw any light on tli^ date, fortbor than
that they qqicar to bo more modcra than tlie two lut roftTnid to.
Bot tho drawtuga I hove aecn of thoir aculptere aro much too imper*
feet owl rede, to enohlo mo to jodge of tb^ age by ooraporing t^m
with the tamploa I hare riaitod.

Tlia aext aerin in antiqsity, and ono of the moat intereating in
India, tlioogfa ooe of tbo loaat known, an the eavea of Khoodagiri,
akoated about treaty mileo from Caitaek, and fivo front Bobownwar.
Then are here two email but idrlonaqua and well'woodod hilla of a
coanogninod aawlatonc, reiy imro in that neighbourbood, which aeom
from a very early |mriod to bare boon a a|)ot held {lartioulariy aacrod

OK INDIA.

11

by BnMiiMU; ud tLoagh *0 earn bm duA cab ria i'b

Of i^ijceneo witl. of Worton, Indi.. tbm •« .

oU- Chan Bcy

«d d«wu,|p of «.n« of tbcf «« pablbhcj b, Lioot Kittoo. » To
«tl. Md nfCBd. toInnMi of ibo Jo«md of tbo Aoiatic Sociotj; thoy

^ tbo Uuk u. by BO mo«« „ c«y 000, for d«y a« MiU iBb-

AWDM^WB hare baUt bj. mod wmlU between (bo p5lb« of tbo
T«w^ i^tiog tbo iBtoior ertwady aork. wbUe tbo aocb.
Kolot^ moke of A tbouMd yoAto* eookiag bo. Mockene.1 tbo wbolo
w A. to ineroMo tbo gloom. »aj bo. aIoo oocruitod or« tbo ««}|>tuD
lA mA A BiAnoer aa to reodor ho douiU alatot iavloible.

TW k Alto ««kd«Abl. difficulty iA g«B|„g t* ^

u^tod ud I foniKl It impoaible to effoct ab cqUiumo bto tbo
W of tbo oerlci. «bkb by Urn way .loco not «« to bar*
d-«r«cd by cither of tbo gcotloBtoo AbovMiicnUo»«L and
wb^ I itumUed 08 by chance vbiU waiutcring about wiiboot aay
gtudo. Iiiaiww«habiWdhytbocbiofof|boFakDc».wbo«I«;
P^og to 00.1c bk diaiHW. and who wu cxti««dy mooleot wbea I
•ac»ptod to i*rlcy with him « tbo tobjcct, to that I *m oUirod to
content myself witb an impcrfwt nrrey fnin aboro. ^

B^d^ told of A voy c«ly and p««, typo; tboto oa tbo other biU,

Um Khandagin, an niocb htor, and principally Jaioa.

Tboeariiootof ihowboJeteritoiiiboao^lid Hatlu Ouaii*a,cr
elephaoi CTO. It to a laigo natoral CTorB.tho only 0*0 ta tbco
1 ^ andniy rij^dy if at aU bapnred by art,«»l ooaw^ueatly wm.

told It i. not impn^^lo that .1 « to tbo «ctity .«H»ircd by mJ.
«Hy toiat. who to^ up hi* abode in it, that wo owo tbo rabto..M>at

^T^aa u, tbo lulL It k cn tbo &« of the nek above tbia cw

Uiat there exwta tbo loog taecniidMi ia the Lath cbanctor, which drat
atti^l the attfotioo of Mr. Siiribg and bU enthckaik cemptoiioo
If^er Mtokeoac. and wkkb Mr. Pheep u.bto.juo«Uy
(a. far coU imperfect Mate wouU allow.) o»4 puhikbed i. tli^
voluim of ba. Journal. Uofortnaatcly. the ktoriptka ooataiaa no

12

TBB BOCK'CUT TBMPLB8

nuMthubM boM WtttiBod » wyof th# “ "®

Uft «ntir%lv to the cbmotcr of the lettow, wd ite inte^
•Tideu«. f« »i4H)W««*»iT» at* in which it cwiW hn« b«> »««•“■
There <k>M no* HT«vr much nwon lo douU
etrn»locienl iienwU oe wliWi Mr. Pri«ep *-n«cd the
Koawhat nWcqnwt to tlw Aeok* hweriptiooe in the »no nnifhbwr-
hood. At Um*. I do not know of on* tonwm thnt can bo nrgod for
signing itThighor anthputy. Bat no i* “P

^hoto to tntor into nil tho niKamentt that mi^t bo ^ on th-
l««l. I ehoU eontont «y»lf with oUting, that 1 think iheh^^
evirlenee inolinoi to a date abont two hnndtod yoaia Uforo Chrat, and

that oannot be «iy *>*« i .u r .k

nie other oavee on tliU hill Ure all »*cripti«M In the Lath oha-

«otor. and therefor, may be «fely a-ignod to a
the Chrirtian er% and i*obab 1 y botwooo that and ^ date rfwve
eiron. The onlyap|»a«mt owwptlon in tliat on tho Onmpha,

which b » the Ketila oharactor of the tooth centnry of out ora; bet
Uw eavo in which it i.«if»arod 1. «. onUrely of the .a»o diarac^w
the root, both U awhitoctnre and Kiulptare, Uot it ew^l bo
to adiffemni em, and ibo ineetildion mnal be oooaidcrod aa mari^ ita
eoaronioii to tho Brahn-nical faith. All tho larger one. coi««t of a
nillaral T«Bdah, of from mx to ten foot in width, tho length xarying
with the number of colU whudi open into it from behind, Umm being
«««Ut about eix feet wida In the Thnkoor enro, (tU ^ on.
L«ve aJluded to, to which I oenW not obtain admittMice,) the eolon-
nade » tho longert here, b«ng fifty^ve fool in length, with wing.

extending at right angloe to H in front

In tlw Oanoe Gninpha, whkh ia perUopo tho mort henuU/nl of the
wrke, the roranJah ia thirty foot long by eii feet wido, and aoTon in
height; Ibero art four «loor« which oiwn from it into the inner exca-
YBtion, which ia aeven foci «x indic# Jeep, and of tho mmt loo^ »
the Torandah. In tliia mataace it ia not dlridod hite aepamte edit.

Tho aonlptnm on Ihia care ie anporior to anything I hare in
India, and I wi* much it could bo cloanod awl cnaU tal^i of it It
ooMkte of a friw at tho beck of the vomndah, broken into two oora-

partmenUbythelmda of tho door*. A repromninUoo it « p«b-

in the aoronth rolumo of tho Journal of tho Aaiatle Soe^y,
Ik gM, hot Mr. Kittoe’a Aoteh waa a rwy hurried on^ and the Ih^
gmpliy ii not the moot perfcel, m. that it do® not do tho aabject

^ Tho only Molptu® I am aware of that roecmblca it in India, ia that
> riaM Be. I.

or INDIA.

13

of llw Swolii Top*, n«*r Bhlho, utl H rweniWoi Eiifvp**n »rt wons
Uian Mij other. There *re w» gode, no 6gurto of iliffmnt oor
mey cxtJiiTegenee; crerythiBg M in keeping end »« gwl

Some hero oely two miereolwnnieUone in front, and by far Uw
greater noraber only one, or to igeak more cerroetly, coom* of an
outer eavo coinninnieatlng with the ienor by a woall door, and m ono
iiwtance, tl»o rook oootaioing a wuttll e**o h*» been iwnlptereil into llie
fom of a tiger'i ho**!, wh»e piping mouth frnne tbo veMilelc to iho
ccH; I do not know of any other iaotance of a oiniiUr ragary.

On tho Kitawlagiri the onree aw much Imo inlera^g, Inlng “f
an oeWenlly later date. One called Lclat ladra KeMri ka Noor, pfO'
bably waa oxearmted by that priace, and !ta dato therefore wPI ho tho
beginning of the .ormth oonlory; It ii an cxeavation of no great
extent, a«l it ia aol eaiqr to make out from the rery utrfiniahed atole
in wliioli it ha* been left, for what purpoeo U waa doalgBod, being
oxtremoly unlike all the other* of the mrica

A* Lelat Indra, howoror, waa a deront worrfjippcr of Sira, ami
built, or at least /tulahe.1 tho great temple at Bolaneowar, it waa p^
Imbly iatendod to be a Dmhnuaieal care, like theao at Rllora or Kle-
pliaaU; hit Rani, however, waa a follower of Bwhlha, and Uiia n»y

iwro been her work.

Clfwe to it U llie laigwt cave on thi* hill; lik* moat othen, it ooo-
•iaU €>f a Terandali with pillart and a long apartment parallel fo il, to
wldeh baa iwcntly been added aa outer verandah of maaonry ptaatccml
and painloO. In tfaii eavo aro aculplurcd the imagr* of tho iweoly-
four Thirtlmokara, and their female energies which aro probably eocvaj
with iU oxeavaUon, and at one end aa imago of tho mcnkey^p-l
ilanuman. tboagli 1“ probably hi of a later date; be waa bowertr too
well eorereJ with rod paint for roo to mako out 6om the atyle of

■eulptura to what age he boloogod. ... t

None of Urn other cavei on thia hill aro pwOenlaHy dawrrmg of

notice. OntbclopofitatandaaamallJaiBtmplacrecteddnfWgtbo

the mipremaey of tho MtharalU; a neat buiWing. hnt. aa luighl bo
exported ftmu tho character of ill fonndera, of no great pmenawoa.

^ of the moot .hwour ftatnre. in all tho BuAlhiat cave, hero,
i, tbc total abneneo of all image, of BmWha, ««1 indeed of uiy af^
nnt olgeet of worthip; a eircnmrtanco wbieh alone would. I eonwlve.
bo au«ciwit to pheo them in a higher anthpiity thmi
We-tem India; for it U tolerably certain that the mloraUo. of i»eg«^
«,d partkululy of that of tbo foender of tho religioo. the i»tr^
duet'^ of a later ami morec^mpt «..aml aakimwn to tbo iiuDwlmte
fellowen of the ikiflr*!-

14

THI fcOCK-CUT TIMPLIS

•cnJplar* i* oicd ii tho«* ovrtt, ftod lh«y ccBUin •oow
of o rtrj high oImi, ii fwraiy oTMnwrtal, wd hai bo rofercoM eithw
to the wonbip of Boddhi, or to the perpoMi for which tbeee coree
were excevetcd

Acother wegukrity m the ebecneo of e Choity* cwre, though it io
mNiliofied in the iiiecrii>tioa on tho Hethi Gentiihn, ** the Kieg Air* (1)
(eiMd to le eoDatiBCtod nblemona cbeaibeTe, caves contahuag a
Chai^ teiaple aail pllJara’’ In this iasUnco, however, tho cave,
if ooe ever cxkMd, way have besa deatioycd by those who have
quarried riono hoe for tho baildiog of the Bolaacswar and other
ICHfilM ra the nci^ibourfaood. Bui I aw laorc indinod to think that
the ChaHya bera was a straetunl building, probably standing on the
nnwit of Khaadagiri hill, and that H haa eonseqniotJy been dosUoyod,
like nosi of its eongwnon ie India, hi the straggles between the
end UnhiDaiws it* irtatenals removed, and probably a
portion of them employed la eoastructing the iweeont fans.

It is more than probable timt it was in tho Dagbopa atlaclied to
(heae oavet^ that tlw lamous tooth relic waa ptceenred; whiob, during
the trouhice ooaaoquont oa (he iarasion of tho Yarnnas, was removed
fnr mfety to CCylon la the begiaaing of the foarth oontniy, when it,
or its repraentative, still exista

I may also remajk. that though all the roofs of tho oavos are flat,
and flat architravta ran in every instance from one pillar to another
ia the verandahs, still the early BuddUsts could not get ovar their
nagukr predileetioa for the arch, and haro employed it as an oraamont
whoaerer it conM bo introduced; and thns, thongh all tho doors an
sqoarwheaded, tcanely any exist (hat have not a seuidreular or rather
bonedioe ornameat aboTCk idaeeJ in the manner of a diaebarpag arch
la coHwoa amsoniy. I call this singular, lor thongh the form vf the
arch is alsMot aaivoml in all BuJdhUt cares, it does not, that I ain
aware of, exist in any Btuhinaaiod ooe, nor in any strvetnral baUdiag
in Hmdnstan prior to tho Mabonedna iavaaioa, aor tbon in almost
any Hindu leilding down to tbe iwcsrnt time, with (bo exeeplkn of
uupUa built during (lie reign of Aklmr tbe Great

Thera an not, as far as 1 am awan of, aay other cares oa the
rastera of Imlsa, certainly noae of any imiwrtance, except those
at UaharcUipon, which being tbs most modern ui India, I will
describe last, having imvieatly made the ctrenJt of the pcainsaU; and
we mast ihwefon step at once to tbe western side, where they exist of
a SIM aad magnifiernoo totally unknown on the ooatem mdo. I havo

• Is ear csvr, tlw Jtitj Oeni|itis, «ms figum snm Ie be wAtslilpiibig llw Do
Tieei sso KMoe's (ilslr above rebrrrS to.

or IKOIA.

15

Mi bc«a >blo tA Tuit all Um e»rai mynlf, bnt I har* sxunincd Ukmo
of AjtinU, Korli, Solsetto, Doounur, Bllon, Sleiihsnte, oad Msbo-
rellipon. The cares of Naaik, Juir, aad Boag, I karo not bcca
able to viait, b«t from all I conid lean on Um ipot, tbe two &rat mot-
tMDod aerioa contun no tjrpo noi acco at Kaili, Bllotn, or SalaeUo;
wbilo tho '■*»** are m tiioUar to tboH at Ajanta, lliat tbon^ ex*
trrBioljr naoiorou, and no doabt intcrcaiuig, 1 an not awara of their
oflbring arty Uiiof of a new or diatinctire chamctcr.

Ill ftUomjilhg to deacribo ae many earea, It would ba daairablo, if
poaaiUe, to adopt aoiM node of claaaillcatlon by whiek to oonnect a»
many cUaHnilar objocta. The moat dewrablo would cortaialy be a
obronologwal ooa, deacribing each care aeeonlinf to ita dato; lot tlnir
a^ arc ao unpcHectly awertaiaed, tint lUa woald at ptoaaol, I fmr,
only lead to confiudoa; and aa eadi aerica oxtenda tbroo^ Mroral
boodred yean, aooio neariy a tLonaand, and conan^nciiUy, they woro
centempomry one with anotber, no aucceanon can bo inulo out bclwcea
tbe diffmot aeriea I tltorelbto dcMriba tboM I bare riallod in
tbo order in wkldi I hare named tbem aborcy placing A^ta Atet,
bocaoee it ie tbo meat porfeet and eomplote aeriea of DoJdhiat earea in
India, without any adnuxtaro of Bnbmaniaiu, and containa typea of
all tbo root; next Karli, wbkb, (hough by nn iMana to extcaaive aa
tho Anrt, ii atlU poiely Boddbhukal, and euoUiaa tho finkt Claitya
oaro in India, llio Salaetto or Kanaari earea aie alao potoly Banddha,
bnt rcry lafcrior in orery rofiect to tha two foimor. Tboao of Doom*
nar and Ellom oontain a atmg adnixtara of Brahmanum, and tboao
of Blejdinnta are enliioly Dndinaaical, though porbapa not later than
•omo of tboao at BUom.

And laatly, I will rarert to thone at UaharellipiHe, which are
entirely Drahtnaaical, and axenvated aflor all tbo other aoriee wcce
Aniabod.

After eroaaiug the mlley of tbe TaptM ftetn tbe north, yoo apprench
a ghdt of eome Are or aix bandied feet in height, aopportiag tbe table*
land of tbe Dekkaa. Tbo upper linn of tbo gbdt in Ant and tegular
and tbe wall, if I nay nee tbe expreiaiuo, Udernlly oren except in eoteo
plaeea wbno it is broken by rariaea, wbidi extend for a cocundenUe
woy into tbe tBblo*laad abo^ It ia U ono of tboao mriaea that tbo
earea of Ajanta aro sitaatad. Tbe entrance to tbe mriao it nearly
half a iniie in width, bat ia gndaalty narrower as you wind np it,
tQl it teminatea ia a oaacade of aerm (alia, called tbo koood; tbo

So# Traamctkea of Bcnhar Lin rarjr r»L 8., p. )M.

16

THE ROCK-CUT TRMFLI8

lowMt Ul im/ bo oiM hvnOrod foot high, UiO oUiort togvtltor ono
tioodroil non.

Imno«liotelj below tbe till tlw mvtno raakoi»luddcat tom to the
right, aad it ia in the perpeoilicaler dilf forming the outer ado of the
bend, ud fiLcing tho koond, that the earn aio aituated; tbe whole
Mrioi extending, ao nearly u I can gneo^ aboat five butwliod yarda
from north to •outb'oait.

Tho moet undent are rilouted about oao-third of thia diataaeo, or
about one hundiod and fifty ynxdi from tUo moat nortliem owl, and aro
the lowoat down in tho rock, net being above thirty or forty feci above
the bod of tho torrent, while to tbe north they rieo to alioitt eighty
feet, and at tho Muthore extremity they riee to about one Imndred or
otM hendred and fifty foot; tbo extraae excavation! howorer on at thia
end unafiproaehablo, in ooMoqnonoe of tbo lodge of tbo ctratnm, which
formed tbe temeo of cemninnication along the whole oettei, baring
away, and left the fuee of tbe cliff |ierf>cadicnlar for ita whole
height, wbieh a aa nearly u I could eetimute about tbroo hundred foot.

Naaiea bare boon giron to mmo uf tbe eavoe, but them aro
odlher very appropriate nor well undenrtood, and u the local eicOTono
who aeeeinpanied me tho fiiot day gare tbo omiio namo to different
caroe at different tlinea, and, 1 belioro, invented other* when hU
oMmoiy failed hhu, I adiqrted tbo earor plan of using nninberaj ami,
beginning at tho nortbom end, or that lowest down Uio stKam, called
ibe first cave number one, and oo oa (o twenQr-oeron, which ie tbe
last aeeemible earo at the ooutb-oasten extronuty; and as this plan
can hnd to no eoufosion, I shall now follow it

Aeeording to this arrangoinonl, tbo ninth, tenth, nineteenth, and
twenty-sixth, from the north owl, are Chuitya or Pagbopa rsulteal
carve, without oellsj the rest are all Viliams, or Monastorlce, with
cells at»d fiat roofii.

Tbe loweot down and tlio most aodent, aro tiro twelfth awl
elerentb; the first-naiued is tbo piiuacot care of tbo mries, being
entirely witbont pillum, nwl tlwro ie no sanctoary or image, nor, ap-
pareatly, any risible object of worohip; indeed, lU only ornament
ODiwists of screa boncoboe canopies on each «do, four of which aro
orer tho doors of tbo cells, tlw olbar three merely omameotal; they
are rery similar to those at Cuttack, and nndortlwiu is a reeded string
oonrse, siintlar to tliat naod in those eaves, and whiob I bare not
o laar ved any where else vxeopt there and at tbo groat Karli oave;
iwlood, it KsMubleu the carca in tbo Udyagirt in nimost every roNpect,
except U bring M{Uiire, tliirty-oix fret rcren mebaa cadi way, while
those at Cuttack arc all Imigrr tlian thdr <lq«th. The front would

O? INDIA.

17

kftTO liTordcd the Uet metM of IJeatifeatMe, bat aafortaaaiely it w
entirely remorol by the mek aboro ffrieg way; I oeAKbed cutMtly
ibr inacriplioM, bat eoabl only Sad om m the inner wall, in a
eli^itly BMiliiled from that on the IaU4^ and, tlicnfoiw,
probably written ooriy in tbo Cbrirtiaa arm; bat it doe* not.'fnxn iu
{MMotion. eecm to bo at all iiiefral, or to furm a part of the original
dengn, ami therofun would not lx tito <Utc eren if dcci]>bcrcd.

Tbo next care to thp twrtb, number ekren, u not <{n]te an large,
being only thirty^eren frot ten inehea, by two*ty-«ght feet lix
Inchea; it k rery limilnr in romo napacta to the bud, but boa four
pilUra in tbo eontro oai^rting the roof.

Thia k, probably, one of the earlieet iutaneea of the introduction of
pillara for aorb a parpow, na(d ihoagb they nra elnumly uacd be», tbo
•xamplo k intorcathif, a» it wma to tbo exirndod uro of them, that wa
owe ali tbo magnifloaoee of the Moilcm Vibatn; tbo vrivlaw on each
akh) of tbo door ia divided into three ligbtx, by two pilkni Manding
00 each eill*. Tbo ainctnary k not Snkhe<l, and. indeeil, leeMa to
have been aa aflortboogblj but thoro a« aatclopoo, liona, aad a boy
in an attiUida of piayer, aealptared on the wall ia tbo very beat Myk
of art, and orideatly coeval with thoae of tbo Oaaeva Geaipha at
Cuttack; tba walk bare been ataecoeil aad paiatod. kit iba paintinp
ere oo mncb iloatroycd a» to be acaredy dktinpiiiljable; I wuld iliv
oorer no iiueription on any part of it.

Tbo next two emvoa to ibcao on tlm north mde^ number* loo and
nine, tro two Dagfaopa taroe, almoat counlerperi* of eno another,
except that tbo firrt k very mneh the largcet, heing ninety-lnef feel
aix inch* in depth, and lorty-ono feet thiee inebee wule, while the
other ineawrw only forty-«Te feet by twctity-tbree feet.

Tbo laigoft ono Ima, or nUber bad. iwenly-aiae idUata rorrounding
the nare; they are plain octagooa. withoet capital or haac, and bare
been covered with atocco and painted; thirteen of them aro fallea,
leaving large gup* In aoaio pUeea, and the enter acrceu k entirely
gone. Like all Daghepa oare^ it bai a ribbed roof. In aome enre^
the ribWng k in atone, ia otben, aa at Karli. it ia m wood. TUia
cave eombinro both motbod-, tba awlra beiag of atone, while the nave
haa been oraameatod with wood, which baa eatirely dbapjwared.
except Komo of the batieoa and pina that CiNmed it to tbo rock, and
tbo footing* fqr tbe riba, which are aunk to aome ileptb ia the roek.

The Dagbopa k plain and aolid, without any ornament, except tbe
e^uaie capiul or tee on tbe top, bat there een bo no doubt that it waa

< Plate No. t, Ag. I.

• Flg.l

18

THB BOCK-CUT TKMPLK8

ooee ridilj onumecUMl, pnJwblj in wood, for whieh oobu nortke*
rananiB; and Uial it waa Cfowiiod, m at Karli, by thim onbroUBB.

Tka wbolo of tlila oava baa bora covand with atocoo and painlod,
and many of tlva mallar paintinga on tlko piUara, and in tbo panala
of (lio r«^ of tbo ainloB, reauin, eoMiatlng of dgtiraa of Buddha and
Ua diaoipUa in rmrioaf attitodeo, nraU« and other omanrata; hut
owing to tbo RUBod atote of tbo front Uio rain iq>panailly Laa boat in,
and deatroyed Uie larger ndtjoeU. There are aovemi iaaeriptioBa
painted on the pUater, and though oooo remam ouffleieaLly OBtiie to
bo traoaertbed, yet aefliciont retuaiRa to ahow, that tbo charaeten are
tboae that veto aaod aubeoqaent to tiio Cbrietian era.

On the exteeior faeo, Uoworor, of Uie caro, bat rary high up, ia on
iaaeriptioB of aone length in tbe pare Lath eliancter, vhloh would at
onoe giro an antiqaity to tho oxoaration of aboat 100 or 300 n. o., aa
far aa aaoh eridraee ean bo roltad on.

The wiwllor care had only twenty pillate aurronnding the oare,
eiaiifakr to thoee ia the oUier; eight of thorn uo broken, but at tbe
eatraBce there are four pillara of a different form sod riober dotail.
Of ila paintiega but little reumina, exce{>t» tho inner waU, whore tlioy
ate at^ tole^y mtiro. In tbia circle I found two ioacriptiona
painlod OB the atoooo on the walla; the find nnder a figure acated oo
a diair, with the fore finger of Um left hasd touching that of hit right,
tho *000(11 nnder a Da^^pa, painted alee on the wall. Aad on tbe
eouth able of tbe care, eppooito the fini, there wai a third inaeribed in
a panel under another figure^ aoated in a chair, but oe dafkeed, that I
co^ only eae that it wan in the aame character aa the other two; ite
axiatenee, bowerer, appeared to me very valoable^ from ita poaalion aa
an intagral portion of tbo dodgn which it forme a part of, aad if ite
ago ean be doteraiined, it will abew tbe period at which tbe paintingo
were exeouted. 1 bare not nyralf mneb difficulty in amigning it, oo
the faith of Mr. Prineepa alphabota, to the Beeond or tltird coatniy of
onrota.

The oighlb eava from the ood ia merely a oaUrul cavern, witboni
oay boeriptioa or objeot of ieteroot; and ibe mven that precede it,
ore to taodorn, that I would prefer going bock to nnnber thirteen, and
cootinBe to deeeribe them oe thoy 0<«nr from tbia punt towanla tbe
aoathara extremity, ae I aball tbua preectrve aometbing like the eoeee^
MuB of dateo in which they ware excavated, without tbe confaaloo that
wooid arim from aelectug here and there.

Thirteen ie only a mnall cave with two eelia, and baa nothing
nmarkoblt nbonl it.

Ponrteoo ia a Uigo nafinJabod rave under thirteen, and ^tparently

or INDIA.

19

m««knt u an nnilrr stony to K; only tbe fl»t lino of tlie pillwsi io tlw
interior it ho«ii oot, nnd left in n rongK etato. ‘nut vonmlak pillan.
Ikowerer, aro finiobod, anil are of an unocoal furai. from being merely
aquare piers witli plain IwmU.

Fifteen w a plain eqnare eavo, bat fillcH up with mml and debris
nearly to (ho kh^. eo that tliere is eonsMlmthle difficulty n effecting
an entrance, and only iU general plan can he made out.

Numlicni sixteoa and eorcatcen nre the two fineet Viharar of the
serieri, and airparently belong to, nnd were excarated at the «une thne,
wkh nineteen, which in the beat finiahodCfaaltya cavoof the aetira: to
these may be added tlm oao bopnd nnmlier twenty, as they all seem of
the same age, and the four together fam the mw 4 intoresling groap of
the Ajnntn cares. Thoro are two long inaoriptioae on the external hMa
of rixteen and aerooteen, which probably coiiUia nooicthing of their
dates and hhdory'j I did not, bowover, attempt to copy cither, and rey
opinion of their age, thereforo, rcaU entirely on tlicir ardiitecturnl
details and their position in tho aerioa; I belioro them to have boon
oxearated between the fourth and sixtli ooutnry after Christ, Imt moro
probably about the latter dale.

Sixtooo ia a w]uaro cave, sixty-eeren feet six inehee wido^ and
Bxty-fire feet two inebos deep, exeluMre of (he aanctanryj tho centre
halt is muTounded by twenty pilUrs, geaorally of an octagon forar, the
sidos of which are odorued in pointing with snnMthing like a Roman
scroll, alternating with wrentlis of ffowers'.

All tbo debuls of ito nrehitectvro nro partionlarly good tad clegmat,
more so than any olltet enro b this series; there nro no aide cliapds,
bnt eighteen cells surrounding tbo great halL Tho figore b the
anoctuary la seated with bis feet down; toiao of tire painttogs aro
tolerably entire and extremely intermtbg, though not ao laaoh so
as those in the next rave; tbo swords in tha soldiers' bands me shaped
eomelhing like the Nepaloao Kookty, and tbo ihiclda are of an oblong
form.

Seventeen, generally railed the Zodiae rave, very mueh resembloa
the last described m almost every reipeet. Its dimeusions are rixty
four feet by sixty-thioo feel, and it has twenty pillmis dispraed as in
the otlrcr; it is not, however, so lofty, and the details of the pilbrs aro
by no means so graceful or eleganl as b number sixteen. Tlie paint¬
ings, however, are much nmie cotiiv. and though the coloars m some
pt i M-tf axe a dral fadad, tha sabjects can generally be made ont

On tbo right hand wall, as you enter, a proeeaaion ia pabted.

• Joarad of the Admie ffoewtjr of Bmiml, Vet. ». PlsU «.

20

TKB ROCK-CUT TIMPLB8

Tbm Htflunt* iMitiiag fran s poTtt], ove biMk, ada red or rother
hnvn, W]<1 tlra tliird h wkito one, which wema tho prtDei|«l otm of
tbo fTMip; diowitt/t how Mrly oroM (bo pmllleetioii for tboM knlmolo,
wbi^ olill cxiato amonK (h« BomiooD aad Kaaew of (be preomt daj.
CbotCahf ood Stjpi oro bomo bcforo then, umI men with apnra,
•worilf^ moil nhicliU tnnko ap (beir retinoc.

On (ho Wk wall ia a hunting *«on«, in wbicb a otaned lion, {lOwcr-
fatly and wclltlnwa, fvm« the iirioripal object of altrartion; tbm aro
aleo deer and ilagp.nnd men on buracback and on foutwit]ion(nnml>er.

In (Iin renuidab to Ibw care aro eume eingularfy ietcroting
pnintinge; at me end a circular one, which 1 at trat took for a tediae,
thougb, on further oxaminutieu, I gave up tlie idea; ita centre ia
dirided in cigbt eompartincoU. and the outer circle into mxteen or
aerentcen. Sacli of Uieoe coapaitmenta are crowded with nmnll
figure*, bnl what tho aulijnct ia 1 could not make out.

Over the door arc eight figurcu ntting croao-lcggi^ ; llm firxt four
are black, tho fifth fuitvr, the next Mill inore no, the la»t fair and
wearing a crown. It mny Iw rcaarkc<l, tbut there are more black
pni]dc paintcal in thia cure (Iian in may of the olbcra: the wurntm,
liowcrrr, arc gcucmlly fiur, niul the men all Kba<lo», front Uock to n
European cumplexiou. The roof ia painted ia rartoiM ]iatU'rDM, not at
all oolike tli««v atill exiting in die Imilu of Titsa, thungh ia an Infe'
riar MyU of art. I lunl nut time, eren if 1 had bud tbo ability, to
copy ibfoe intcmling paintingu, and I fmr any ono who now rbiU
them will find that randi that I taw ban uneo dwa|i>oaivd.

The Myle of thwe paintinga cannot of eo«r«e bear cowparUon with
Eumpean painting of (bo ptewmt 'lay; but they am ecrtaiuly Mi{wriiir
to tbo Myle of Eurujio during the age in which they were executed i
tbo pm^wetivc, gruU)iing, and detaiU aro liettiw, and tbo Mory Iwttcr
told than ia any |■ailltii■g<t I Vm>w of, anterior to Orgagaa and Fiamle.
Tbo Myle, kowe%i-r, ii> n»t Kiin>pcan, but more m<rmblni ChioMe art,
partirulariy in the ftatnnw and nant of rbadow ; I never, bowever,
ovon ia CUna, raw uiiyltiiug apfimacblng iu perfection.

I looked very attentirdy at tbrae ]iainting«, to try and discover if
they wero fmcu ]«tntiDgs, or uierely water eolnum Iniii on a dry etir-
lace; but wm bi^Io to dmide the point: the r<>I(>ur certainly ie in
nmne casiw aheotied into the plaster, and I am ioclinesl to think they
may have been paintcsl wbesi it wau first laid on, and oooMqocntJy
niuwt; lint I do oirt think it could hare Wn done on the modem
plan of |siinling each day all the fdaster laid oa that day.

Eighu-ruth Merely a porch of two pillars, appstreotly the com-
mueenient of an ciravation, m rd n pamage or enlmoep to

OF INDIA.

21

Th* duutym e*v*, nonber aiitotocn', wlikk »• mow rcworWile f«
the bMBty uil eoinplrtcew* ef ite 4eUiU than for He ■»», bci*? only
forty-eix Ject four l«h«. hy tweety-thwo f«« «voii iechce » width.
SercDteen |.ill»w Mirround the nave, all «f wWeh »w »«y neUy ««»-
mci>(«L »nd ■»«re ilicm U a hud twupying exactly the me r<*‘^

M • tfih.ri«« woeld i> a Chr«ti« chnreh. and ocwpiedbne wuU
.ieh» allen»tely fijarw -f Be-Mba ailtiug cie-lcgiH,

u>d eUifUac. The nmt U Hl-hcd ia -toao. Ul th* wort mtewitin*
featara b tl.e Daghoj*. whWh ha. hew the tk«o ombrellae In atone
rmmg lilt they toeeU the rndj in fwal of ih* Dagbopa iaa«BU»ef
Badillia, aUnding. The cxienor of tUa caTO la aa rich aa the intmor,
and thoaifh damaged in wma parta, by the wcka faJliog from a^
the iniary i* lt» than ia raoal othei*, a»l very lUtlo woi^ free

(Im htwer part fnrtn the aceamnlntcd niatrriaLs a»d 'l**pl»y ««lw one
of the moat iwrfect .ped.wn. of DaddhUt art In India; bet m th^ I
oiiMt not dwrU on loaBer, aa I fwl ll-h wiU.oot drawiaga, I dwold be
unable to contey to other, uy eomet imintuloB of ita beairtusa or

iletaila . ■ ■

Twenty. The laat of ihia gwap la a «nall Vlliara of aajpilar plan,
twwity.eiKhl foct tw.. iadiea wWo. by tweaty-five feet aix i.whw deep,
with two eella on each aide. There w no internal colonnade, bat the

ia aoiiportcd by adraneiag tbe unetaary about wren fert into tlw
hall, and ita front coaiid of two culumiia ia antia. Taew la

alao a rermn-kh in froat. with aa apartment at each end. Ita peintiag*
nre almeirt entirely obliterated, c»cq4 thou on the rouf, and tbeao
conairt of freU and towers w* otherwiao latoNoting than taewly aa
■howiag iU cgnnexiui with the Vibana niiteen and toveateen. There
k an inaeriptbm on one of the pillara of the verandah, bet very nineb
oblitermied. and apparently not integral.

Before pfoe»«ling further in thla dirertioo wo naat return hack to
the aetenlh and eixth from tbe north, and which, thoegh eeareely
wK-val with the laat group dwrribed, arc ecrtainly later than thoea
trrt tiu ntioBod. and aa eertaialy eariier thaa the group which aueceeda,
and wbich clome oor liat; bnt whether a<y are antccclcat to nonibera
aixtren and twenty, or slightly porterior to tltom, I am unable to
deride.

Nmulicr wvea in merely a largo verandah, wxty-thwe fert four
inrhn in length, by thirteen feet Mwen ioebea in bitndih, with the
eolla opening at the buk of h. aotnething in tlw manner of (he Cut-
tack eavea; the float line of tbe verandah b broken by tho peojoelloa
of two porcbio of two pillar* each, which are here partieolariy inU-
' Plau Me. X

22

TIIK ROCK'CUT TKMPLBS

mting, u Umj 4 n oxtMUAly vlrnUu io tb« {Milan iU Kleplianta, Mtd
tkoM ii the Doonar Leaa at SUota, and thcrcfoia prob^iy not far
diaUnt m data Tbera b abp a eliapel witb tvo pillan at aaeb ond.

Tv tba I«ft of (bo tMetoory an fire cruaelcggod fi^nw, oaoii
anted on a lotiU) and a kina betvooe eaeb; on ilia right, two oroao*
hogged anl nren itaading flgnne, tin contn lotua of each aoriee anp-
ported bj flgona with anake canoptea. Within tlie aaaotaary, on oa^
aide, an two large and one amaUer figuea, and two men ahting eraa-
kggod, and haring cbowriea is thaur hasda On tltc atep are eixtean
figorea of diaeiplw aeotod eroin-lqggod.

Nwnler aix ia Uto only two-atoriod eare at AJuata. The oppor
itoiy baa twelve pillaia, ortagone dhanging into plain e^natoa at
lop atal bottom, end with bold braehet on{)ilal^ not pointed bat
aeripturtd wilh figniea of Boddba. At fitet 1 tlionght (fata a Jaioa
oara, aad tried to &ad llio tweaty^onr thirtfaaokan in avme {dace, bat
waa enanceoaifal; llio acriae eonaiat of aixteon, cigbt, four, and are
apparently of diaeiplea, aa none faad llte cmblvnia by wbiefa ibe
Ifairtbaakate nte naeally tecc^iaciL

Tbe eare ia ftfly-llim feet aqeare, llte aUcn nine feet wide. Tbe
lower atory w of tlie aaine dtmcaiuotu aa tfao upper, sad of tbe aame
plan, eaeept that four odditivnol pillara boro been iotrodneed in tbe
oentie; Ifa^are aU plain oclogoa^ changing to sixteen aadaa^ with
piUatere to mefa raw. Seven of (faeae only are sUuKling, nine liaving
fellcn dowa, owhg to tbe inferiority of the reck in wfafeh Uiey are ent,
aad alao to water catering fram afaore, aad rotting the atone; tbe
whole eare Iwa a diamal and nibeai look not eommos here; and it b
alsoaritbont aculpttu^ having apparentlydepeDded entirely on {ttinting
(or ita drreration. The pillars ia front of Ibo Mnctnary are of the
aemo SkplienU ebaracter aa tfaoH of Ute faut-mentioned care.

There now oaly renmiue to be ilcscritied tbe loot group of tbcee
carw, eoBaiating of tbe first fire from the north, and the laat wren at
tbe other extremity; iboy are all so nearly of tlw mme sgc, that I sm
quite nnahle to diwrimlnate bettrem Ibon, and all erHlontly the laat
excavated here. Tfai^ are ringslarly oniike any other caves or strno
tars) bnildisgs I am acquainted with, and I had eoiieoqaontly kae
saeans bera Uiaa with the otbera of eomiog to a antiafnetory coaclaaiuB
regarding their dataa; if, bowerer, we aammo tbo lust groep to bare
extended to tbe rixlb or aarenlh eent&ry of our era, tbew marl range
between that period and the tenth, after wbirli lime I ewnoeire no
Badillibt enves were exearated in fndb, and we eannvl Iherefere bo
far wrong in {daring tkeu is tbe eighth sod ninth oontnriea.

Aa I cannot fix their aaoeeesmn, 1 may aa wall begin with nniaber

or INDIA.

23

OM, And pAMDg om Ulow aIm-Ij OoKriW. proeaed to twwly-»v«,.
tlto Uat

Tbo 8t»t that eoinnwAOSA, or mllier tods, tk« wnen oo tko ll•tw, to
• wy hawboMO rihAi* caw, with A ftno rwAodali niaety^gUt f«t
in kiirtJi, And A Chipel at «Ach end, tU laOl it liily-lw feet mimn,

adoKHxi with twenty pillar, thmo f*«t in cUametcr, richly earrH and
with IwAchot oapitaU. Tito caro to A good deal gllcd up with mad,
notwkhiitaitaiAg, tlto painting! an toleraUy tnliw, awl ««• J
tJwai very inloretting; llwagli both th^ and tlio Jotaito of Uto tKlii-
tocturo ar« mall and frittcral away, when eoapaiad with tU two Bntr

dworibed groopa ..... _j

Tbo to a iwelvo-pcUatod ca»o of wh»eh 1 ham giwa a

planit to in rery good protomtion, and tha palntiagiS partkalarly
on tbo paL«, aw tolocably l«r«ect In tho ranctaaty theia to a

»latne,ofcoortoof Bnddlto, and a chapel on oacb rido of it, at the cod

of tbo atoloa. In Iho ono M tha north a» two mort portly, ial fij^rea,
a malo and fonalo: is tbo oonth one, two aalo ftgotca, ocenpying a
liho pMitkA. Who tboy were tooaal to nspiaient I oonM not wako
oot, for tboy wero «iuito ulrangm to lao.

Tho third to a very flno bold care, and on© of tbo largwt vihaiM
of tho oeriea, but dooa not appear to haw boon ^

eolonnado in tbo oenlw conawto of twenty-eight pillar^ (the only
bwtonw I know of aaeh n-galBccneo.) dtoprtod to few ru^ of
eight iHilaw each, counUag the angular oocw in each lino j tho
Konorally bold octagon. *Iotc« feet in drcumfcroaco; the whole bril
to nlnety-ono fcot oquaiaj tho atoloe twolw foot two tnehea wi^,
whkh to alw tho width of the wmndah. Tito eaw newr having
hMO f ntobed doea not appear owr to haw le«a paiatod. It to now w
dreadfally inforted with batt that it to almort impo-aihle to «y » it
any loogtU of time, and 1 bad not tbo courago to «p ow Iti oolto;
aa. Iwwcvor, I found nothing of intowal in any of tho others I do not
auimwo there wa* mneh to regret liere.

Tho fourth oaw to ailaatod hij^ np in the fare of tbo reck, and
fc, there to 00 pub to k, I did not dtoeovor ito extotoneo till the .lay I
wao leaving tbo idaee, when 1 •w it fw« tbo eppooito ride of the
ravine which I had ocraohled up to In a wild-goore chare, to »wk
for tlie city uf Lenapore, having hwn delighted with Ito name,
and cwivlncod. in H"** ^ ananreneo of *y gnWw, that it muu

contain oomething of ioierert; It waa, bowever. ‘•vox el prekefoa

aibil." ,

The afth woo eo cbokod op wUh mod, that k wae almurt unpwaibU

> rtotea No.« aad 7.

24

TUB BOCK'CVT TIUPLBS

le m wbat it fortlier than (tut it bad been a aquam ear* of bo
grcat dimonaioaa

W« Dut now retiun to eavo oamber twcntj, Um laat daeoribed
towanb tbo eoutb.

Learisf H you proeeod for ooraa dutanoe aloiij; tW lodge, wbioh,
ovin^ to a tormit contii^ orer bare deriug tlia raiiia^ ia nioro tbao
oiraallj reined, and tbo path in auBBO pheea very narrvtr Mid daogeroDa;
aad aa I Lad to travcne thia aavenl timea in the middio of the day at
the cod of March. I Mifcrod extrenaely, not only from the heat of the
too, bnt from the reflecUon from the rocha which won boated like an
oven.

Haviog paeeed thU. liowever, ym arrire at the twenty-Int cave
fro* the Borth end, a large vihara, fifly>two ftet eix inebee deep^ \>y
ftfty-ono feet u isebce in width. It it ahnilar ia almoat every mpeet
of pIna, and exocntion, to the cave above doeoribod aa number
two. It i^ not, bowover, quite Aniidted, aa tbo piilare of Ibe nactnary
are only hewn nngli out of the ro^ and many of tlw detaila are left
iaeompleta Ita paintinga are bow nearly oblitetatcd, except oa the
wall OB your left hand aa you enter, where then atiU oxiata a largo
Sgnre of Buddha, of a black eomplexkiu, or at leant very dark, and
with ted hair, ami attoodod 1 ^ bla^ alaven. Tbeto an aevetal
inlndoeed into tlie coinpoeition, bat ootwithataading the blacknem of
thw companion^ they an liete, aa in nioat other caret, repne e nted
with cenplcxiona almoat aa fair at Bnropeana Tlwro ia a t&alj
ckapd with two piltan ia antic, on each akle^ aa well aa at aaeh end
of the htcval aUoe. Tbo verandah baa fallen down, hut tba ebapeia
at eaeb cud mtnain, with tin pilaater wbWi tmiinated the eokinnade
at each and, ihowing ita dimcuaooa aad depth.

Aa I bofon rcnmrkod, tlie executioo oftliia (*TO,aa well aa of number
two, bi decidedly iaferior to tliat of the iatenaediM oaoe; not irrifo j
u riehnem aad quantity of ursument, bnt in atyk. Then ia a weak*
aeee in (bo drawag of (Iw detailn, aad the ornaiaeaU an crowded and
cat op in a aunaer titat givea a tawdry and auatiafactoiy appeanune
to the whole i vciy unlike the bold tnagniftoeace of Uioee gf an earlier
ege. To aeo a ooin]iariaoo drawn from the aichiteetaie of our own
coaniiy, they bear (he aaaio relation to aunben nxteeo, aeveotoen, and
twenty, ai the Tudor architecean does to the pun QoUue of tbo Third
Edward.'

^ The tweaty-areond ia a amall cave only coventeen feet aqaan,
without pillan^ cxeeptiag two nugUdiewB onen ia front of (he —
ary, in which ia a Ogaro of Buddha acated, with bia loga down.

' Oampaf* PUUa Na 0 aad 7,

26

\

OP INDIA.

Tbe twMity-third U wwlber riban of twelvo pilUn, rtrj thitilAr
in aU rtapeeu to oambon tvo ud twtinty-ooo; it hat, bowortr, bMO
loft ID a voiy (laftaUioiI vtate, willwat oroa an imago in tho MDCtmiy,
or indeed anjwkcn rlao, and tbeto oxiatt no tnco of pointing tliat I
conld detect in any fvl lu diiaeudona an fifty*ojM \>y fiitytiM
foot eight indien.

Number twoaty-fuor ia ibe pendant in the terico to nninber throo,
and would have hoeo one of the InomI bad it boon Habited; lot meroly
ila general fonn and dinetMiuiii have been made oat. Ouly oao pillar
hna been eonipletdy aeolptared, ami ono aide of the ooloonado oxiaU a«
a wall with diu in it. It was intondod to bare bcoo a tweuty-piOar
oave; tbe centro itall wouM haro bem aboot fDrty<tbn!C feet aqaan,
and tbe whole about MTColy*foar feet cadt way. Tbe detaile of tcnlp-
ture and etylo aro of tbe nune clan at two, three, sod twenty-one, but
niuoh more paint aiipcore to hare been taken vhb llidr czecutwo, and
on tbe wbdo tboy arc richer than tbow above alladed to, if it b fair to
judgo by what ie Tbible; for leddee that to liUlo baa been exeentod,
the care ie now half filled with mod. The Ttrandah baa been oon»>
pleted, bat thieo oat of iti tix goIuium are bnikeo, and the otben
oiacii injured.

Tliia oaro » pvtieularty intercating as abowing tbe whole imwoua
of excBvndon, (nm its commcDCCiocit to tbo finidiing of tlic ilctaila,
aeme iiartH having been left ia every Mage of advancement The rock
(aaiygdaloidal trap) in which they are cat b of a toft, cuarte lezlure,
ao iW the labour <4 exeavatiuu cuuld not Imvo 1«ea ao great at b
generally sapiKMed; ludeol, I an very modi iuclinod to believe that
thi* mode of excavatiag waa tbe dteajmi and least laborion by wbioh
buildinga of thb clam eonkl be erected. If the Moon were qaarried ao
as to be of aw for baibtiog parpows at the nme time, it certainly
would be so; bat that dues not wetn to bare been the caw here, ns all
tbe mtigh work appenra to have been done with the pick>aza

Twonty-flva A aniall rado vihaza eave, with a veruMlah of ten
pillan.

Twenty-eiz b the foartb vaalted or ehaitya care of thb iterk% and
decidedly tbe moM modem. In general plan it ia very similar to num¬
ber uinelecn, but ila dimeuNons exceed the furwer very conaidorulily,
Ibe wImiIo width being thirty-aix feet three iacb«e, ikul of tbo nave
soventcen feet Mven inchn^ and the total length sixty-oix feet ouo
inch. Its acut|rtami, too, are far mere namcruos and tnore elaborato,
iwloed, more sa itmn In aay uther eave of tbe series; bat they are very
interior both ia design and ia execution, «• maeh so that if other proof
were wautiag thb alone woahl be aulEcienl to stamp thb at unco aa
one of the i Mtri . if not the but exeesud eave of Ajanta.

26

THB BOCK-CUT T1HPLX8

TIm BiuIiUm oq tbe fnnt of Um Dagbopa it teotod with bit f«oi
dews.

Tht wiUa of tbo akiet are ootirtljr coreml with tcnlptnn^ prisd-
pall; flgtrat of BodiUiat or diteiptei^ of all daat, ami la evory Bnddhut
poiitioc. Aaionf otben ia tbo aouth aialt it OM tweetjr-tkroo ftd
long, ttdiiuBg at all lilt length, being Uie attitndo in which they pea*
paro to reoeivo nirvana (beatitwlt); ahero faia are aa imineoae Itoet of
aogeli, awaiting ^)]>atentlj bii airival in heaves, and one boating
SHtt vigoroMi/ a big drum.

The iat dgune with jodget* wigt, who do duty aa braeketo, have
hm fonr ann^ wUeli it the only iattaneo I am aware of in tboM or
any other Biiddliiat earoa, of toch a pace of Hiodniam.

The detalU of the pillan, poiticdoriy thooo of the verasdaho^ an
of predaety tlio lauio cbaiaoter aa all thoao of Cliia gronp, bnt thoir
dotdit are worae exoeutod liere, than in any of tlie otliera

nere aro two iaaeriptiooa on tha onttnlo of the eave apparently
htagial, one under a figure of Bnddba on yonr left aa you enter, the
other ii mach brdten but more dlctinet, upon your right Tlte chane-
tor need ia tlieu bdongt to the ninth or tenth cantoty of the Chriatian
era.

The twn^-aoveDth core la a loaall aqnaie rihara withont pUlart,
and tbe ■Bctoaiy only oominoncod, and thn whda left in a very unS*
nuheJ atale; tha front haa outitdy erainbled away, ao that ita dltnen-
tkoB can aeanoly ba aaoortaioad; it wao, however, ahoot forty foot ia
width.

There are one or (wo earca beyond tlua, but the ledge having fallei
away, they aro ^nite inaooeadbk. Prom the rained etoto of thdr
fronts and tho dditu that baa aooonalalcd brfoio them, I waa nnablo
to gacea cither at their aiae or atato of progrmj judging, however,
from tho hut envea viaited, there cannot be much worth aceing ia them,
ami tadood, 1 am not quito unre that what I took for cavea wore not
boica, or ohodowa thrown by numes of rock.

I have been raoreparticnlnr indeueribing tliia aettee than any ether,
pnrtly boennae I aw not aware that any detailed account of them haa
been given to tho puldio to which I eoold refer, and partJy hecanee
they an in aone nipccU (he moat mtoroatiag aerka of Bnddhiat cavea
ia India. They cannot, indeed, boaat of a chaitya oave like Karli, bnt
tho vihana here an man vplendhl than anywhere chn; they oro more
entire, ami are tho only cavea that retain uinch of thdr original paiat-
ing and deeoTation. alao are pnrely a BndxUiiat aorioa, and almoet
OTory olwngo in care arekitoclnre can be traced ia them daring a
poiU of afaunt ooa tliomaml or twelve bnndnd yoan, which ia neaHy

OF INDIA.

27

tliA term dnnng which tbct raUgioa flouriahed m iu lutiir* Und; ud
Uicj thu fom * anTt uf chrononetnc Mala, which I foowl ntrctacljr
iwtfal >0 m; attempb (« ueeitab Ibo wd dat« of eavo io odi«r
Mrica, noM uf wlu^ are w eoniplete m thia one.

TIm uthen haring all been dcaeribed Lefons 1 *dan siurelj notice
•wh poenlnritioi m hoar ifAeMlIj npon my eulyeet, and refer (v
imated deaeripUoBa for detaila

BAUO

In A email ralloy ur rarinc peoatnuag, like that at AJnaia, into a
lahlo-Uml loetii^ on the ghut on the north wdo of the ralle^
Taptee, aail ahont three iiulee from the anall town of Bong, are atoatod
four oaree, wUeh hare been dceerihed hy Lienlenaot Paagcrfleld in
the aeeond rohimo of the Traawwtuiaa uf the Ljtrrarjr Societjr of
Bombay. Hie iloecrijition ii remarkaWy clear, and with the dtawinge
that accumpaay it, ouablo one to detenaioo at onee what they an^ aiid
almoel the age at whkb they wen exearated.

The latgeei rihara wotdd at AjnnU be a *‘tw«nty^nllar'' care, but
owing to the badaeai of the nick in whidi it it excarat^ the architect
left tour additional oolutntw in the centre ef the hall. In the sanctuary
there is adagiiopa, am arrsuigcawnt I de not know of chewberc, and can
only acwual for here, by enpimiug that this ^fioUd waa nec^ry for
Buddhist worrhip, and there being no ehailya earo in the eonw it waa
neeoemry to blnulaca it hen; in that caic, boweror, it w idrauge that
they uBiitted the figure of Ikidilha in front, whkb seen** tu hare been
the caee.

The second oare is an nnfluiidtcd one, bat tbo third, at aoaio dunaace
from U>e two first, k a rihara eighty feet by dily, aaJ though mach
TUtoed leUins a ge^ deal of iU original lointiogs; judging from theiu,
the only detail giron, they a|i|ioar to bo of about the maio ago as ibo
eeeond group at Ajunta, wLiU the huge earo beloagu to tho laM of
Uiat eariec, or may bo intcmediaie between the two.

Then ere two other oaree at Bang, bat one entirely rained, the
etlier only oonuaeoeed.

KARLI

Alioot half wny botweca Pocaa and Jfoinhay na the right hand
•ide of the raliey aa you proceed toward* the eca, ia •itoated tha great
oare of Karli, without exeeptioa the lafg*«rt awl finert Chaitya rave
in India, and fortunatriy alee the hem prorrrod.

Iu interior dimensiune an oao hundred and two feet three inebee
or total fcnglb, eighty-one feet tbno inchca for Uogtb of aaro. lU

•J8

THt BOCK-CUT TBMPLBS

bnwdih £r«m w»ll to w»ll io fbitj«6Te foot ootob tnelieo, vhi]* tho
widlk 0^ tlio Dkra it tvenlj-Sro feet eereo inohee'. Tbe nove U aopo'
nted from tbo aide mIw by iiftoeo oolumu on oaeb aide, of good
dangaasd workmaaabip; on tlio nbacni vkioh erowna tbe a4>ital of
eaeb of thaea ate two kneeling cfeplianta, ai»d or cacb elepbant aro
two aealad flgann» generally a male and fetnaU, witb tbair ama orar
Back etbtt’a AiMilJen; but Mmetiuoa two ioBiale llguroa in tbe nma
attitaio, Tbe aculpUra of tboae ia rory good, and tko effect parti-
eolariy rich and pUaiang. Bdiind the Cboitya an aevon pUin oota-
goaal |iHrs witbeut aculiitare, making thua thirty aaven pillara alto*
gether; the Cbaitya ia plain, and rory aimilar to that in the large
cava at Ajanta, but boro, fertnnatcly, a part of the wooden umbrella
which auraioonted it renaina wooden riba of tbe roof, too,
roiaain nearly enlire; and tbe ftaaed aecoea, flllittg ap a portion of the
groat aich >e front, like the centering of tbe arch of a bridge, (which

> la tbe AtiM la l«r 4 Vatoalla’t TtaTob, a dalaiM phn ef tbia «a*o la
gitaa, ae vktdh iba takaa 07 Iba ara fertjr^ta faat wide bj ana

baarhal aad iwnMy^ In( kagi and ta the plea appaan la hate bean drawn
with e«eriilnal>la cata, (bjr Mr. Ml, I baHaac,) and IkaM (forta am rapaatad in
Ibt tnl, 1 na a Ra^ dmi au^xarad by dnding aa |rtal a dtaerapanap, and
inclined at tni H give up ■pawn MlMonoM. 1 hara bawaacf totaioad than, uel
aalp baeaum (bag eei* taken with aaia, and I caanoi aea hew ae great an enar
Wald Inn enpt iato Ibani bnt aim, baenme Lard Valentia^ -‘~i—’— aro
falH at nrtana* wilb tbeaa af all tba Cbakja enna I an aafualated nttb, aa Iba
htl en^ tabte oill abaw.

La^ltb. Width.

Na. Id, at Ajanta, b. M-Q

41-n

«r m

to s-su

CartatKuii,b

lOP-S

45-7

m

ICatMri,ta

hP'IO

. «•*»

Na. IP, Ajaala, b

46-4

ss-;

. 1 »6I

Na. P, AJma, b

40-

IS-

M

N >'>***

Vb*Bluuna,b

Ct-I

4S-

«

It >-*»

Mto PS. AJwla, to

Sf-i

SO-9

ft

a I WC

Wbiia Urd VabuUa'a diawaaioM far Iba Karti care wawM ba aa I ta S-TSt.

Itlaaat haooen anlp la eandrai aijr e«a nunaunmaeite ibat I ban giintad
tkia tabbi, bu (a thaw aa haw rrgnlar a iTalew Ibaaa eana vara mtnntad, and
aba as aaaBmiag tbeir rehliea agn, asarrindat la the tsu frae etbargroenibi
fur it still ba e b as m i l , ibat tba aMest cam ara langeat hi pccpaitfan ta tbair
bnwdfa; aad that tba tacia dhninMiaa na wa draamd ia tba nefaa in aa abneaa
psrwct pcagiewlae, tba oalg apparent exarptian baby tba Xaniiarl cavai bat if
tbai ba etfp aftha Karll ana, as I hava itUad la Iba taxi, thfa b acoonntad far.
If I an mbtakra ia pbetag H as a copy in the nbitli eantniy, b m«M ao nsny
paMdi taka ka pbaa m k Maada ia thb labfa.

Aaaibar apparent rxarptna b Iba mB oavr, Nn 0, Ajanta, whhh in tba
l»U 1 pbl id is Iba nan agr aa tba ant naal k, und I nuafna I am al prcaanl
uaabb to a&c atty niggntlaa ta aecunut far tba dber^aiiey.

or INDIA.

29

bjr tbo iraj it much memblet,) «till TvtuM tbe plnee in wltkh it wu
originally pineod.

At Mine dUuiiee in adrnnc* of tho arebcd ftont of Uii> caro it
placod a second Kreso, wliieh exists only bero awl at tko great earo
at Sninetto; tltougli it might have cxiitwl, and I am incUnod to heliova
did, in front of tl»s oldest Chaitya oaves, Non. 0 and 10 , at AJimU; it
eonaists of two plain oetogonal coIumaM, with pilasters; over those ia a
deep plain mass of wall, occupying tho plaoo of an entahlntnre, awl
over this again an nttie, if 1 may use the term, of four dwarf pilkrs;
except the lower piors, the whole of this has been covered with woedeu
ornawMiC^ and by a caxefal oxaniination, awl mcosQrameDt of the
rarions uiortiecH and footinga, it might still bo potaildo to mako out
tlio greater part of the dmign; it appeans however, os far as I could
disoover, to have ooiwstwl of a brr^ balcony in front of the plain
wall, aopported by bold wooden Imdcets from tho two pkn, and
either roofed, or having a second balcony above it; no ]>art of tbo
wood however exists now, either here, or at Salsetto.

It is more than probable, however, Umt this was tlio murie gallery,
or Kagam khans, wbicb we still find existing ia front of alnsosl all
Jsina temples, down even to tho i»caeut day; whotlmr the spaeo
botweea this outer and the inner screen was roolcil over or net, is
extremely difficult to deesdo; from tho nwrtiros at Snlsctte, 1 should
eertainly say it was w>; but here ths evideaeo is 1^ no means
so distinet, though there ia eertaialy nothing to eontradiet the aup-
position.

I eoald find no traces of painting in thb cave, Usoagfa the inner
wall has been plastered and nmy Iwvo been painted; hot tlm cave is
inbabitod, and the eonlioued smoke of cooking fires have s» bfatokened
its walls, that it is Iinpomible to decide the question now; Mrangely
enough its inhaUtanU are bow Kvites; and the cave is eonsidored a
temple dodieated to Siva, tlie Dagbopa performing the part of a gigantic
Lingam, whkh it must bo confeaaed it resembles a good deal. Whils
I was ibere, there was a fur going on, and a festival in honour of his
Hiadn godship. All the flat s^ of tbo rock were oceopsed by
tents, and tbe dokanns of the various dealers in swcettucaU and
trinkets who frequent those places; and every comer was oeenpied
1^ pilgrims or devotees of some sort or other, wboy thosgli they
did not acinslly prevent my catering or idcetcliiog, were extremely
eUmorous for alms, and annoyed me a good ileal by their cnriosily and
impertinvBCO.

It would bo of great imporunco if the age of this cave eoald be
positively flxed; hut though that csuiaot quite bo dene, I Uunk it pro-

30

THB ROCK-CUr TKMPL8S

(mMs that hi age it aetceedent to the Chriatka era; and at tbo mim
tone, it caanol pettibljr Iwr* beta excaTatod noro tliaa two haadred
Tcan Wore Hat era.

On the Silaathamba (piltor) oo tbo left of the entnooe, Coloaei
Sjrkot eopied ao iatetiplioci, irhieh Hr. PriiMq> iledpbered in the tixtb
Waae of Uw Jouroa) of tbo Amtio Soeiotj; it meielj at*, “ Tbii
lioD pillar it the gth of Ajimttn Ukat, tbo too of Saba Ravlaobhotij"
the ohanetor, Priaajp ibinkt, that of the fint or teeond oentaij 8.0.
From ha podtioa and import, the intertptMa appean to be intagial,
and tbo eoloam it certainly a part of tbo original dougn. For myadf,
I coafom, that tf the liOtli eliaraeter wat eror in luc on tbii tida
of Jadit, I do not think h could have andorgooo ao great a change at
thoae chaiaeton allow in to abort a time, and Umt wo mnat oomo down,
at leatl, to tlie ClirMaB ora for tbit laaciri|iC!oa.

la a lettor lately receirod from Dr. Bird, of Bombay, be aaya, " I
may nention that tbo one at Oarlea proorata aa inacription of the
twenticlb year of DnItiHuna Hara, otberwiao oaUod Dattaganini,
king of (byloi), ilo. 103 ." I did not aee tbia inaeriptioii; I do not
know, tber^K^ wbeUior it ia integral or not, nor in what ebarnoter it
it written, which it of iiapurtance; for ankwi other circuMtanece
ooatra) the identlly, I aboald be aftsid of being doeoired by tbo
AOBuaal liaikrity of a king at ao great a diotaoca If, bowerer, tba
inwriptios, wbicb Dr. B. will no doubt pabitab, riioald oonOrni tbk it
wdl be eoo of tbo moot intereaiiDg datM that tbcoe inacriplhma Uro
yatdiacloatd to aa

la diapeaition and dxe, and alto u detail, at &r aa dmilarity ou
bo traced Letwoon a earo cntiraly eoreted with otuece and pabtod,
and aeo which cither norar had, or haa loot both ihMO oraanenta^
tbia oaTO ia »> aimtlar to tbo two at Ajanta which I had before
placed aboat tbia ago, and on tbo fimit of it thoni it alto tbo mdad
enaawat which ia an common at Khandagiri, and oely oxiata tbote
and m tbo oldcot caret at Ajuntn, that from all tlwM cimimaUaeet
I am indiDcd to thbk tbo above date 183 ac.. aa at Icaat oxtroauly
probable, thoa^ m meana oa a date to be iaplicilly leliod npoo.

It it to tbia care, more eapcciolly, that tbo roraark appUea that 1
nude, p. 35 , that tbo Cfiaitya carw aren at once to bnro aprnng to
pcrfcctioo: for wbother we adopt iba Maltawwaao for oar guide, or
Aioka'a iaRriptiona, it it evident, that tbia eountry, under tbo namo
of Mabantthau in tbo former, and Piteaika in the other, ia one of the
meoBTorted oountrin to which mimioDarioi wen tent in the tenth
year of Aaoka’i roiga; and if, tberefore, we aaaane the ubore date to
be at all near (ha truth, a century had oearoely eUpmd belwoan ibo

or INDIA.

31

conrarsion of tfao coobOj tad tb« oxwatkn of Uua ifilaadiil iimbb* **
nont. Thera u nothiag in the Vihana boro or elaovben vbieli I
bovo placad aboot the aairw date, that might not bare bean clabontod
from a oataral eavern is UmU period, but there b a coiii|dkatioii
of doMgn in thia that <iuit« forblda the anppoaitioB; and it moat eitlier
bo )>mugbt down to a tnocli more modera epoch, or it inuat bo ad¬
mitted Co bo a eopj of a atrrictsral bnildiag; and aren then bot half
Um (liffioaitjr b got orer Waa that atractanil building a tcaipb of
tlie Bmhmaaa or Bnddbbtal waa U demgaed or invented ainoc tbo
death of Sakja Siobat or drl it belong to a former religiont aiKl
load/, if wo are eorreet in auppoatag earn d^ging to bare eouuaoiicod
only •nhaeqaent to Aankaa reign, why, wbilo tho Vibania wen atill
ao amoll, and ao iaaignifieant, waa ao graal a work Bodortakea In tbo
rodc't

It would be a aubjoct of eoriona liujuiTy to know wbotber the
wood-work now exbting ia tbb aro b that originally pvt up or not.
Aocoetomed sa I bad long been to tbe rapid dogtniction of every tking
womlen in that eonntry, I waa half bclined to ba angry when tbe
ida And anggeatod itaelf to me, bat a calmer aurrey of the matter liaa
«oorinc«d mo that it ia; certata it u, that H u the original doaign, for
we And it rqteated in atone in all tho nichee of the front, and iliaro u
00 apittnnnce of ckango or altmtion in any jauC of tho roof; every
port of it b the eomo aa b aces ao often repeated in atono ia other
and more modem earon, and it mut tbercfbre hare been pat ap by
tbe Onddhiata before tbey wero ox]»lled; and if we allow that it baa
axbted eight bundred or one tbouMod ytare, which H cortaioly baj^
there b not nmeh greater improbahility in ita Imriag exbted near
two thoiuaod ycam, aa I belbre to be tbe caae. Aa far aa 1 could

• la tba Hahawaaaa, (pafo it b mM that the flnl caarocatba wm Md

**10 a iflaadid kail InBt ot IW tebatiae ef U» Saltifaiii cave^” ekiaa vooM
amm la prero that tka aara i}wn eabtad. Tha Xafcawaata, howartr, wm com-
paled tow th aaiawd ymi* after Ikat armt, aod dht care aWab ma^ karo lean a
aabaa^DMi excaratloa Hmlfinii la mark tbi plaeawbwa Ida maailagwaa bald{ ar
at keel, It ia b<al a Indilloa that aoA *aa tbe caae.

In Hke meaner It la wmUeer d ia Ibe Cbleaae worh ([aeMd by riikeri Byltaa^
ia bb BoWa Mi tbe pallUaai Male ef animt lodk, (rat. ti, p. 900, JeoiMl
lt.A.8.,) that laa e ii , “after tlte daetb «f Duddka, ccllacied five beadmd piaw
■m to the rams af Pi plie ie, aad, )atatly with ibem, lellcctcd tk rtwjae.*’
TUa b ertdaai^ tbe mme IroditloB rUI ftutlier knprerad ipa, aad ceouag fteo
aa aMbertay ao dlMeat in dale aad lemity, b eel mtkhd le woeb raapetl, aaioia
i a dm d Moa aara cmiU be dlarevotrd ef that dalei or acme — wiTintiil erU
dtwee be eddueed le earrobocale a tratf Uea wtibb way aaaily Im*o igwuag ep
ftem tba inporlaDee ohieb carte bad aMnad, aa a (Orai at Bodiibbt atcblieetaie,
at the tboo Ibma wurba wuie vrittaa.

32

THK ROCK'CUT TBMPLKS

tMcitelOftlbAVOod b tMk. It nuitUReollotcd, tluU thongh «xpciMd
te Um atraai{ili«n, it It protoeteJ from boing wettoil bj' tlie nin, it
Lu M Mraai or tirtiii npon It but from i(a owb wvigbt, m it <I<Mt not
•Bpfott the roof, though it t{>|>ntn to do eo; mkI the rook aoeme to
here doSed iho iudnib^ of the wUio uta.

Aa thii ie deetdedl^ the fioeel Chaitjn coto in Indie, e few renerfca
on ^ wchitoctuinl oniinuee of thete eevoe ma; not bo tniepleced.

Howerer Bmcb the/ racy in aue or in deUil, their gettcnl nr*
rmngenenle, u I nwotioned befoio^ ere the eame in orciy pert of Indie,
tad the mode of edmitUng light, whiob te elwaye ao importeot e pioee
of erchHertural efTtet, ie in ell pmieely idcntkel.

Boering in mind thnt the depoeiUon of perte ie exeetly Uie aeme
ai tiieae of Iho choir of a Oolhie teand, or polygonal apao eethedral,
the feUowIng iloeeri]itMn will be eaeity anderatood'. Aercm tbo front
tbere ie alwa/a n ermn whb a gellery orer it, oeonpjring tbo place of
tbe md-loft, on wbicb wo now pbw unr otgmne: in this there ere throe
doon ; onov the lugeet, opening to tbo uro, and one to each of the
mde abdee; erer tbie arrrea tbe whole front of iLo oare ie open to the
air, one rn^ wimlow tho whole breedth of the eame section, ttilted so
ai te lo more than a scniidrclc in hei^t, or goncrally of a bo r ee a hoo
form.

Tbe whole light, therefore, fell on the Dagliopa, which ie placed
OKtetly ofipoato in tlio idaeo of the altar, whilo tito oolonnade aronnd
and behind, h tbna Ich perfectly lit, tho pillara thero being always
placed ireiy doecly together, tbo light waa nover admitted in anffleient
^uaatilice to illaminato tho wall behind, so that to a pereon mantUog
near tho dour in tliia diroetion, tbere ap|<eared nothing but "Ulinutablo
gloom.”

I do not euoeciro (hat a %-otary was ever admitted boyoed the
celotiaaJo nwler the front, tbo met boing devoted to the |>rioeta and
tbe cemnonicK, as i* now tbe ease ie Cliina, end in Catholic ehurcliee,
and he therefore nenr could ecc whence the li^t eaiao, and stood in
comparative shade hiuwolf, ao u to heighten its rlToct oonaidermhly.
Still farther (a inereato this scenic erect, the architects of thcao temples
have plaeed the icvoetui and mnsie galleries in front, in each a manner
M lo hide the great window from any person epprvncbing the temple;
Ihongh these appear lo hare berm omitted in later examples, as in tba
VUwskannn of Rllom, and the two later Cbaitya eaves at Ajanta, and
only a |«rck added to tbo inner scraen, the top of which aorrod as tba
marie gallery; hot Iho graat window is then exposed to view, which
I cannot help Ihinki^g is a grant defect. To a rotary oww having
■ PisM No. a sad No. «.

or INDIA.

33

ent«r»d the fwreh, the effect ii the Mine, am! if the epMe between the
Inner ud enter ecreea woe roeied, wbleh I nfipoee St to have been, ne
eoe not pcevieoelj aoquinted with the dedgm. eoeld pereeive hew the
light was adnitteJ; euppositig a votary te have baoa edaiStted by the
eentre duor, and to bare pawa j uder the loreeti to tho right or leA,
tbo whole arrsngsmenta were noh, that an arobitectural elTect was
prodttood eortainly enperior to aay thing I an aoqeainted with in
andent or modoni tenplea

Sonetbing of the same sort ii attenptod in the olaado and modero
Hindu temples, where tbo only light is adauUed by the door directly
fadng tho image, which ie thni lit op with oonetder^lo iplondonr, and
the rest of the temple is left in a rather nbdnod light, eo as to give It
oonddoi^e relief. Tlie door, however, makes let a clumsy window
compared with that of tho Boddhist cave, for the light is too low, the
qwotator himself impedes a portioo of it, and etaadug in the glare of
dby, unleee bo neet hie hands to shade his eyes, bt can soaredy see
w^t is within. In tho HypcsUiral tenplss, this was prubahiy better
managed, and the light introdneed more in the Boddldst iwuoar; bat
we knew eo little of their arrangooHate, tlmt ii Is dJfBeolt to give an
opinioo on a eabject eo little nndoretood.

Almost all writsce agree, that tho Panthoon at Romo ie the best
lit temple Utat antiqnity bai left ns; in ooo re^met H eqeals ear eave^
that it has but one window, and that plaeod high op ; bat it is inferior,
tBBsnnch as it is seen to every one in tho temple, and that the light is
not coneontrated on any one object, bet wandere with tho sea all
round tbo building.

I cannot help thinking that the earlier Chridian acehilecis would
have roinventad this plan of lighting, had they beea able te glate so
largo a space; but thoir inability Ie do this for^ them to nee smaller
windows, and to dispereo them aR over the bnildlng, eo as to geia a
rafBeioney of light for thoir parposee; and a plan having oaoe bmmo
laered, it never was departed from in all the ehangee of styto and
detail whkh afterwards took place.

Deetdee the great care^ there are, of eonrae, a naraber of viharas
attached to it; they aro^ hnwever, all of Ihetn, small, and appear very
insagnifleant compared with Hs splcodoer. This may perhaps be, and
I am inellaod to think is, on evideeee of their aatlijuity; for the
Vlhons seem at Sret to hare been mere cells, "wben the Arhans
sat to meditate,” as Fa-htan w cpreeecs it, bet to have leooaM UMgni-
Boent balls and tomplee as we find them at Ajuato, os the reltgioa
become more corrupt

■ The prinoipal vthara here is three tiers in height (they can

n

34

THS BOCK-CUT TEMPLES

•cvmI^ be Qe]l»l eteriei;) Uwj ere pUia belli witli eoile, bot witboet
eaj ietenel ootoaiwdoi, onlj tbe appor oae poaeeeeee & rereadeb;
the Icmr oaee mej’, iaJeed, here bm eoiutraeted with thU araei
eppeadege, bat greet m e^ee of the rock ebore hero givee wejr, end
Mteg down, here carried with tbea the whole of the froaU. There
ere ae oeaMeeriet^ end tbwgb there aro one or two relieroe of
Baddhe eHtiag in the (otiu, end with hie legs down, they do not
eppeer to bo tntognl or original parts of the dedga.

Still fortber ere aomerou simUar excaraiiocw, end some dae
ciitemi dllod with dear ^ng water; nearoao of tboee u e imall
deghopa moeb reined.

TLere re a saell vihera on the soeth side of the great cave, of (he
aente character m thooo oa the north, bat owug to the fair and erowd,
mj exeauaatSoa of thoeo eaveo was much more Imperfect than I coold
hare wUud. There nay be eone that I did not enter, and peeoli*
aritica that I did net oUerre hi thoee I did. From all I aaw, Itow.
erer, I am inclined to rank them with the earlier caree at Ajnotn,
and (hoagh aot perha|« i}aito eo aneieat as the Udyigiri eerios, they
eanaet be maeh more modera; which gece far to confirm tin date I
hare ahore girco to the great oarr.

KANNARI.

There earre being well known, haring been often deaeribed before,
it will art be neoereaiy to be re detaOed in my deeeription of them, u
of the Ajenta serioe; iboiigb they are more numereiu, amonntiag I
Aonld think to nearly a hvadrod in nanber, they are, on the wholes
much kre intcreetiog (han either Ajsnta, HlonK or Karli; the great
ehakya care Iwng wiy simUar, tbongb rcry iaforior to (hat of the
lart-aaitwd rerire, and pmeatlng no peculiarity not teen in the otW,
while neoo of (be ribarM cu compare with tboee of the first two,
either in aiio or •lengn, tbo greater part of them eonhutlng merely of a
small aioaro ocll, with a small rerandah of two colnnuis in front
. ^ *****?* ercaraled in oae large bobble of n

bll, situated in the mldrt of an immetwo tract of forest country. Moat
of (he hale in (he neigliliourhood an corered whb the jungly b«t this
ene k noaHy bare, iu aunmit being formed by one largo roundod
mare of compect rock, .nOcr which a aofter etratum has, ia many
Jda^ Lm washed ont by tbe mint, forming natoral caves, which
ri|g.tly impiorwl by bare been appropriated an celfo, some pro-
the ^ on Urn Wl; it i. In tbe rtratam again be^

(lu^ iMMi IM«t 91 the ClCtTtilQM %t9 tff itfll.

OP INDIA.

35

Approoekitig the e»Tee by the neoal mte, tbe fint yo« eoone U> ie
the UDfinwbtd exotretioa flgiued end deKnbcd by Belt, |». 47, VoL 1.,
Tniteectlone ef Lihxury Society of BotnUy. It wei intend^, eppe-
rently, to Itavo boon » ebeitya cere, thoegh it bu boce loft eo tecom-
plete tbet it le diiSeelt to m^e out the flen; tho oeter porch, bewerer,
te nearly completed, end it ii eridont that it wni not inteixlcd to i«ve
en outer mauo-galkry ecKcti, like that which ndonw ita nwro eiwieut
iieigliboor; end it proocnte bnt little of latereet in ite <lcte)l«, except,
perhepe, that ita extomel pillen ere of the leme order m tbooe at
Blophuita, end tbetofnre probelly nark It aa a eotemporery example-
Oe tbo wbolo it pnta me mneh in mind of Lelat Indie Kccer he noor
more tben eoy other cere I here eeeo, but they ero betb eo unSaiehed
that it H dificelt to in«<itate » oooperioon between them. It
probably, the leteat exemration of any impertenco attempted in tbo
UU. end nay date about the alath or tenth eentuiy ef Cliriat, probeldy
eron mote modern titan theL

Immediately beynml thie u a ;;roap of eerae, {containiig amon|
then tbo greet ebeitya cere of this Mriec^) which I woeld willingly
omit doacribing in detail, aa that haa been ae well dona by Mr. Salt,
in tho paper obore referred to, but they ccataio so mneb that it
iatoroating, and I may add, pnnliag in their chronology, that I cannot
peat them orer; and to enaure greater exactitade, I ihall try to com-
bino hia deaertption with my own notM.

The first ii e riham oomustieg of a long irregular verandah o
inferior workmanship, with cells opening et the beek of it; bat tbe
point of greeteet intereat ii; that it elao eonteina two lonesee or
aanetuaru^ in which ataxtd dighopea Tbe tbrro sidm of tbe leeeaa in
which Uie moel aontbem ctands, aro divided into peoels^ in which an
oarved ona, two, or mote llgarea of Baddhe and of Bodhiaatwaa in
varioes altiludea.

Behind tba iMrtharn daghope, ic a figure of Buddha a^ted on a
Sinhasaua or lMB>thiooe pleo^ en e lotaa, tbe atelk of which it
enpportod by two boyi with hooda of eohre de capolloa; from the atom
of the lotna, two othcra spring, en which sfaml two yontlifnl figurce
witli ehowrioa, end one with e lotw-bud in bk baml; two flyieg
figures above, and two priotly onea below, complete tbe Uhlcnn,
whkli is found both at Karii and AJunta, bamtlee being fro({uontly
repeated here; but in oo cave in any of these series, that could date
before ths tbiid or fourth century of our era, unless, indeed, it is ie
anoh a pocitson that it could have been added at any tine no
verandah extends so closely np to the large eave, that only a pertitioo
of a few inebce thick haa ben left between them, and which suhos*

n 9

36

TUB BOCE'CUT TBMPLB8

^•eoUj bu Imd broktn tbroa^ Ihra IwTiog u imfslur kola by
wbleh yoo my pm from Um ooe to (bo oUtor.

Ho graot ttvo* in almoot erety napoct, noembloo tbo gmt goto
U Karii; it poMcmo tbo mnoo-^lttry lertM in iLo akuo pooitiaB
ud of (bo nme fona; and boro it ii atill mom orideot, that tbo ontra
at lout moM haro boon nofod, bot the roof eonid not bav« eoDtiaaed
to (bo cad, or it voald boro eat amon tbo gnat figniao of Boddha,
twttty^hmo feet hi^ which oeeapy both ends: below where tbio
mof woold eoma^ the wall ia oorer^ with aealptuio, bat in a rary
w®do (tylo of Boddbwt art; indeed I do not know of a earo with
anything ao wietdiod.

Tba front of the earo aboro tbia roof ia ben qnito plain and on*
deoily not mMot to ban boon aoea; at Karii, tboegh it mnat alao
hare bora neariy eooeealod, it ia atill oraamontod with a terin of
niebao; indeed, no part of that oan, aora or Ttneniwi. ia alumd over aa
every thing ia bare; tboro ia » trace of the wood<w«rk whioh ahonld
^ve aiicd the gmt window, bet over the top of the arch ia a nnm-
bev of pine mnainiag; tboy aeetn, bowerer, bettor fiUod to bang
eartoma to, then to anppott wood-work, and I think mnet bare been
applM to the fermer pnrpeoe; bat wbatbar by the original diggen or
not, H voeld not be eaiy to d^de.

^ dlnenaiona of tbn interior are sotocwbat lew than Uuw of
Kyli, the total length being wgh^wsigbt feet an inebea, total breadib
tbbty-aioe feet ton inchee, tbo length and breadtli of tbo nave being
aetcMy-foar feet two inchee and thirty-oiae feet too rMpectively.
The da^ope, forty-nine fort in circomfereoee.

Veey little of lia wood-work remain^ nooe on the dagbopa, aa J on
the roof only (be tonona and lattoaa to wlueb (bo rafrera were aUaebeJ,
and Ibate are no Kmatna of a aoen in the gmat window.

The pillan that cerround tbo nave are of the aano order aa tb iw e
at Karii, bet ezeeuled In tbo moet riovenly mannerr-lbo olegiioce of
proportioakntirclyloet. Tbo ligotw on tbo aipitola are mneb worie
eieeeted; tb* elcphanu bere an le aom inatancee employed in poor-
mg water from jara they boM b tbrir tnmka, oe dagbopoa. or on the
bogaba,orncndbo tiee; and tba boya with the miake booda are alao
ratrodBeed. Only ax of the eolemne, however, on one aide, and eleven
ra the other, an ao craaiiMnitod, and tbe net wen never btooded to
be ae.ai they an flnkbedaa plain eetagona; which ii anolber matanee
•f tbe eanicaraeaa ezbibitod b tbit cave.

In front of tbe cave then ia a court-yard of irregular form, (cm

naMKobt.

OP INDIA.

37

MoompaDying pkit,) tlie front b«ug onlj thin/ foot wide, end Doi
pwmllel to the front of the eero, while ianedietcl/ be/oad the Sl!ae>
thnmbM it ia thiit/^ and at the Tcatihale of the oave ilaelf ii
fofi/^ feet ineluding the nkhea.

It ie extreme]/ diffleult to aoeoent for thie im^nlartt/, and the
•RuJlneM of the ooiut, wbieh ie qaita iaexcaadilo on aa/ architeo-
tnralgroHDde,aadgiree apoorappcenaeetothewbelofront. Itconld
not Itavo been ca na ed b/ the form of llie kill, ee Mr. 6alt npiioM,
and it wae not till after long thought oa the eahjeet that what now
appears to mo to bo the tree eolation of the ptoblen oceuned to me,
namel/, ia tbo prior exiiteaee of tho long vihara to the aoatli, aod
of tho little doghopa oa he oraalar eavey narked S. in the plan, the
whole intorior oarfaco of which ic divided into pasele filled with
figaroe of the Baddha, eimilar to thoao deicribod in the vihara oa the
othor Bido of tho great oare.

1b doocriUiig tbo eavee at Baug I ruoatloned tho degliopaa exin-
iog ia tho mact n a r ioi , apparentl/ bocaan there oxiatcd do chait/a
hare ta tho eeriee; aid baiieniig thie explanation to bo the correct
ono, I wee not a little earptbed to find three dagfaopae caiating here
at the ftry throehold of tte great Chait/a are; and it wae not till
it ocoorrod to me that the/ maet have exirtod there bc&ra the great
eavo wna begun, that I eoold ocooiwt for the ciremrutanee; the form
of tho eoart aeon eonrineed lae (after the idea was etaitod), that thie
was the true eolation; the/ are more ancionti and the apot having
probahl/ becowo particalari/ lacrod, aomo dovotoo leMlred on exca¬
vating a great tenplo between them; hcra^ however, aroee the diflh
cnlt/. North ukI eonth, or at right angles to tho axie of the hill,
these oevea are onl/ tliiit/ feet apart, and it wee ntrceaiT/ to intrs-
dace a eave fort/ foet wide between tbear; this could onl/ bo done
b/ eonuneoeing on the laoKf dimenekm, and woricing back till li« got
behind then, where the cave wae exteeded to the required width. It
is quite erideot that the long veraadah of the aonthem cave never
eoald have boon allowad, had it been enlscqaanU/ excavated, to ■!>-
proaeb so near the great oave aa to endanger the wall breaking between
Uwm; for there is nothing to govern its length; it could Imre been
as casil/ extended in one direction so tho othor j hot tho width of a
ebait/a eave governs all tbo other dinMnswiM, and if the care was to
bo of a oertain clan, it wai neeonar/ In tho first place that it shoald
have a certain width; and it wae to obtain tbis it Ims encroachod so
Dcarl/ on Hs northern and eDatbcm ncighboura This will bo amrs
eaml/ understood b/ referring to tbo acoonpaa/iug plaa.

AsMuaing thie to be comet, we ate at ooee not b/ a etill greater

38

THK ROCK'CUT T£MPL8S

diSeoI^ thftB (1m one |ai ortr. Wktn I Rni eotered tliii enve, teeief
ila liniihritj fat dei%n nnd detnil to tlie oao nt Knrii, I nt once eon-
dnded ttej wete of Uto ame ago, mad thet tko cliRofeneo in oxecnlioa
v« to ke nceeented for from Uto grentor eonncMMt of (ho rook, nnd
that U maM bnTo been designed bj aonw proriacinl or inferior artist;
and in vnry etber («m I knov, this reaming wonhl have heid good,
for I know no imrtniice in wbieb an ardiitoet, Buddhist, Brabmaaical,
or Maboowtan, Las copied a bnilding of a fermer age. Yo4 this are
SGOtas to be the exception, and if I am not eery mneb nustaken, i(
most bo Lronghl down to the nbtb or tenth eentniy of CkrmL

It fat also not a Li(Ue aingnlar (hat the execution of every detail
dioeld be ao clansy and bod; for (hoo^ we find in the demnding
serks of Baddhist straMnraa a teadoney to polytheism, and the frippert-
aeoi of onuuacat, 1 do not know aay instaoee in which IIm flgutts and
details are so Wl as bm, and this, toe, at a time when Hindu art had
scanrly passed its cnlminatiag peiat of perfection.

After procoeding loaio little diaUBce to tho northward from thia
gtoip, and thea turning (o year right band, yon enter n narrow glen
or gaily, down which a stroi^ monntain torraat pount daring tho miny
•earn. It is la (ho rocks (hat form tbs two sidas of this glen that the
greatest nstaher of caves aro situated.

The im you apieoach on your right hand is tho so-caLlod Durbar
Gave, the flnest vihnm of (Im series, and the only one that can compete
wkb the Ajnata ooen in siw; its dhaeaiieas nm ninety-eix feet six
inehea in length, ferty-two feet time inchee in depth, of eoume excla-
iivo of the eells; the oolonande goes round only thno rides, nnd ths
snnetnary oceapiss oao bteioolaauiintion of the inner mngo, as in nuB-
brr twenty nt Ajitntn. It i% however, loo low for its other dJtnonsioa^
being sraively nine feet high, the pillan sad phui of the samo order as
the Vinnkarwa at RItora. The vetamkh Lu a rtiige of eight pUia
artagon pillsie, witli pibuttetn. Dolow this is another cave, or mthar
series ef cdK wbkh pve it tlie a|>|ieartaee of being two storiea high,
bnt thsee is nothing rcnwrlcalde in the lower once.

Immediately opporito there b an iinmcone excavation, hot so worm
by tbe min and torrent, as to look more like a natural cavern; and
were it not tot soow fmgnMets of eolanns banging to tbe root, and
details u aonte nore sheltered jdaces^ I ahonid Lave supponed it to be
sneb.

Prorceding upwards on eitber bud are some twenty or thirty oxen-
TBtions, bnt none worthy of ptrticalnr description; eonw (two I think),
ooBUin dagkopaiv tke rest are small vihams, wiUi eu or two calls ud
vsnndnhs. the pillan of which are geactaily either uurely washed

OP INDIA. 39

my, or Tory madi worn, Uw motorit] Uuog ooft UtorHo or bnoda.
little better tbwi bud proTelly eley.

The «m oove in this direettoo bu mom of Ha pUkre Um mum u
tbooe of ottoibor oorro' of AjoiU, ud whioh I boro oora lowltm oIm;
It hu olM the eoahioD pUluo of Bkpkuu. Proio iu poritwn, ud
alto from tbo gradaol pra«i«« of etylo la thcM ootim, I fool iodiaed to
tbink Um 000 of tbo motl modoni. aad all below It eoateqneDtly more
aneiont, and tbercfore probably oooval vitb tbo Jioap of tboAjunta
orieo, dcocribed aa nombora aixtoeo and twenty.

AboTO tboee,oB tbo ioiitb«4lo,nodar tbo brow of tbo biU.M another
•oriot ofTlb^ Tboy are tmall, hot low of tbeia.otiMdally throe,

very intorutinf, from tbo walk bob); ontlrdy ooTcrod with anlptare,
of very fair oxocatioa; tbo general doaga of which k a Baddba
on a lotoa, tbo Mue aa already deaeribod at placed beUnd tbo oorthcn
dagbopn in tbo long cnvo; tUc U repeated bete with almeat no varia¬
tion and iu rtylo ia oo eimiUr, that it eorfainly repreeents a form of
religion and art tbu moat be very nouly, if not qoile cotoapomry.

Tbo general aiao of thoao oavu k from twelve to fifteen feet
wiaare; cn^ bowover, that 1 paced, wm about forty foot Kjaaro, with¬
out pillar*. It waa eoverod with acnlptaro, lot etrange to lay, (hero
wat no mnetnary, hot wrtely oao 1 ^ ttaadbg figure of BmbUin
opponte tbo ontiasoe. Tbera won celk at ua«a], and V-vriw round
tbo aidoa.

It k not very caay to doeble wbatbu tbote envaa are more modem
than tbeao below; on tbo wbok I am iiwUnod to think ibey are, tboogfa
tlwir ogo oaxuiot differ niueb; and if ao, tbo Kaanari lerke will be
arrangod aa followa; firrt tbuee in tbe mvlno, in tlte Ibortb or fifth
century; thoee hat dceeribed with tboeeen eneh aide of tho great cave,
probably at teart a eentnry later; then tbe groat cave; and, butly, tbe
nafinkbod one firet allndad to.

They may tbai bo oooeidered one of tbe meet modem of tbo Bud-
dbwt eerioi in India. Indeed, I am inclined to tbink tbat tbo greater

of ibem at t ra it wore excentod by a colony of Bnddhkt*, who may
have tak» nfugo boro after Imag expelled freni tbo eontinent, aad
who bavo tne<I to roprodnoo tbo kat Karli in their iiuulu rotroat

Some remaina of piaator and painting exkt in almuit mil tbeee
enve^ tboBgh from the porone nature of tbe itone thromgh which the
water mnit pereolale daring the raiai^ the veotigee ate email, aad
I owild not find one complete Ague in any; owing to thk caue

' I am art qelti oerteie Ihk AoeU not be anber l<ir«e(}'| Iho eota wm mule
•t SiUeUo, and 1 (mr the dlawieg wm wroeclj anmbeiodi h» the maleu it ia
imnaiaiial which.

40

THI ROCK-CUT TIMPLBA

00 Tootig* of oitlior oxioU on tiio roof^ but oaljr oa the wolU in
tbo ha oxpooed litunAioM. Tbe poKaiij of tU loek, boirovor, boa
•Bibloil tlM *food monki'* to furaiih tbonwlvoowiih ft ooptotw rappljr
of 4eUdo«i wfttorj ftlnoit orerj oovo io furoiahoil wiUi a eioteni or
voll, which OToo at the lime of nj rial ia April wao oeftHjr full,
thoftgh ao rain eouU hare iallco for moatha. Nothing of the kind
exieteat Ajiutta,liut the atieam with Ha koaoda,mpi>]iod thodeRoienoj
than; at Karii, KUora, Blcphaatm, Khaa<Ugiri, and even at Owalior,
then cMtorna are to be foeuid cut in tho reek, in the ricinity of all the
teniplee and riliataa.

Moirt of tho prineipai Baddhoe ia thia aerioa ait with the foot down,
only the mallcat once with their kga cnaaod; and very often the prin-
ei|»l figure of a group, appaiootly a Bodhiaatwa, la a ctanding ona,
with a h^ hcad-droaa I hare not remarirod olaowhero, and attended
by taro womoa wHb ehowriaa; tbo tma Buddlia ia 1 bolktro, alwaya
aUoaded by aea.

A goud deal of maaooiy oxiata on the bill aa tlw mpporting walla
of terraen^ which have Iwen fonaod ia front of all tlio dilTeront aniea
of earco^ and do d<«bl wen fomeriy plantxl with gatdona, m thoaa ai
Owalior now are; and they piebahly exiotod at other anrioe, hot
bare bow bean Jertroyed. Tho vkw from tho upper aertos of terraoea
ia rcryfino aad inlereathig. On tho dope ahoro ^ oomica of oome of
tbeoa eareo uorticaa are out in the rock, aad an eridontly fooUagi for
woideQ poota which may bavo boon uoed to onppert a doeontioe of
ooBM aurt, bet Dora proh^ir aa awning or aenen to abdter tho bont
af tho care fron tlio ana.

DUUMNAH.

Al«al forty milM oouth-aaot from Nremueh, and one from tba ril-
lago of Chundwauan, are aitoaleJ the n r iea of earea whioh I will bow
proceed to dcacribo.

In thnatolrea they aro miwII awl comparatircly nnintnnwting, and
wen it sot for tbe exUtenco of (he Bnhinanieal rock tompto b^ind
thm, woald sot donm moeb notice; bat aa thia waa tho first thing
Ihot made dear to me the diatriKtioB between Buddhiat and Btahnani*
cal rudc-cut teaplm, and will ueiat in axpUining tho nmn aplondid
oaeu at Bilort, I mtaat giro aucb detaila aa rrill onablo othan to
nadcnitand ny own inpnaaiou on iIm auhjoct

Tbe hill of Bhomaar, like all tbe otber billa in tbo noighbonrhood,
ooBoiata of a flat plateau of nek, Hirrutinded by a porpondieuUr elifT,
from tbo bottom of wbieh a moea of debria fonm a Udea, aloping down

or INDIA.

41

(0 th« p]^n; io Um pment iutAaw Um dSf ii nowbm higher thea
twooljr foet, wbietk aoeeanrilj cheiuaKrihei the dimcnaHaa of the
earea, (e keep wiUiia it, thee nuletiag thorn the BMt dimioative
aeriae I kaew of ia ladia; andbeekle^ the ruek io the laoet ua&vour-
alilo that oan be ooaodved for the oxhibitioo of eeulptaK, the wlwie
hill coDJUtiag of a ooano iron-otoao or taterile, rety ainilar to that of
Cuttack, bat here of a eoareer grain than I erw before aiw it.

At Uie bottom of tho cliff a broad tcnaeo hae been fonnol, wlitoh
oUll oxiBa tolerably eatua, at the ead of vliich you entcc laterally into
the eo>Alkd " CUM c OtTo." Hero the daghopa ataode in tho oeetr* of
a email court, ia the opon air; inunediatcly behind it ie Uw ooU or
ennetuaiy, in which ie a figure of Bnddha eittiog enm-i^gcd, with a
male altendout on each cido of fain; tho ooU ia ioolatod by a oovarod
pamoge running round h, OM eiJe of which ie oocn|)icd by a recaabont
figure, alwut too feet Imtg, ia the maw attitodo aa (he larger one In the
novt nodorn choitya care at Ajeata, dmeribcd ahoro; beUad are
three Boddhirtical flgnree, nttiag erom-Iegged, probably Bodhuatwaa,
or of the predooemora of the great occupant of tho aanctuaiy. A
analkr figure elands between each of tbe^ mad three aiotv atauj oa
tlw third aido of the paamgo, probably diici|>iea

The Bczt 10 importaaee is Bbccn Slog ka Baaaar, It ia a
cbaitya eav^ with vanltcd and ribbed mf of tho anal fern and
detail, but boie only abont thir^ feet deep by fifteen wi<h^ and with-
ent aide aisles. There baa been a porch nearly sqaate in front of it,
bnl tba roof has tnublod in, and now eacuaibera the entranoo. TLa
rook in which this care ia ent ii, aa in the feraaor inataoce, by

a passage running roond it; round two aldea of tliia pamagc, aad a
small portion of tho third rid^ (hrra runs a square coloonadad nraodah,
from which opon a number of aaaU cellA thus fermiag a eeabinatiou
of a cbaitya care with a rUwn, which I ncror mw before. The
pillara ware oridently iotcnded to have been mrriod round the third
aide, but H baa been left uafiniahed, which dom aot my much foe its
aaliqoity.

Tlie next threo iu iffiportnnee are the great and little Knlehery,
and the Baace'a Abode'. They bare all somidteuiar donwd rcecmeo
at Uw inner end, with dagbopas. One has a rib-runlled rxwf like the
Imanar, but the other two faaro aqaa» fiat teofa divided iote nine
eoiuportnwnts, aad supported by four pUlatu.

The other oxcarationa are of no great extent, being merely cells
from six to ten or twolro feet aquare, with the asual verandah in

' Thaw narnw are tahen frea CdoesI Ts4*s dcaaipUen U ibtm mvw ia his
Journal.

42

TUS SOCIC>CVT TiafPLKS

freiit j bat tbft cxtitnw oovnoMi of tbo rack «"*"»■ to h&vo proelndod
erca the quontiij of onuDont being boitowed ob them, n»i«» U ofHAl
in other «r>e>.

Coeeling thoee oiiil 70 omiBoaood,ud orea the mereet eentehinga io
the rock, thon may be from eixt/ to eeveaty oaroe altogether. I
eoeld not eoant eo mniijr, and where therefore Colonel Tod foud km
hondred and aoTenty oavea I am at a lo« to ooecoire.

It ta Toij diffioolt to fena an optnioo aa to the age of theae oaToa,
aa it haa beta imfwaaillo for their arehiloeta to exprem or dadne their
dataila with any exactitude in aaeh a pudding-atono. I har^ kow'
erer, no duebt that tho whole were at one time plaatored, and that
what it now aeea ia manly tho ooring; bat here again tho t f id Tii-e a of
the material, by allowing tka wator to aoak tkrongh, haa peolad off
oreiy vetligo of tho dceoration, and the ilguroa aaem to hare goao
through a aaeond attack of tba amall-fiox, which hat diadgond them to
aa extent nlmoat ludicroot.

Aa far, howertr, aa I could judge, they muat all be rery modon.
The dmihrity of atyle and oxecution in the Cliild'a Care to Bomber
twmtj^aeren of Ajonta, eonviaeed me that they wore of tko -«■■«« age;
aad ia the whole of them tliero it want of that ampUeily and H^jeeCy
which diatinguMlica the earlier Bnddhiat worka, and a tendency to
Jaioiam, which eziaU only in tlie lateat caret; aad wbat archhoetural
detaila 1 eonld make out by lookisg at them from a (Batanco, all weat
to coadrv thia imptemion.

Aboot dfty paoca from tko odgo of the cliff, in tko eeotra of tko
plateau, a pat baa been dug, I tkooght of about dfty pocoa by twenty,
and abewt futly-flve feet dHp>. Tod, however, aaya a hondrud feet by
tormty, aad tkirty-dve do^ (and be probeldy ia more correct, aa,
coutiwyto myuauai cnatom, I oniittol to mcamio it): lowardatke
w<m nid of thia pit a Uniiplo hw boon left atanding; tho top of tko
Sikra or ipiro being level with the ptatcan above. It differa in every
roapecl fiwa thoao already ilncribcd. leing b fact merely a model of a
brmfataanieal atructnmi tcnijde, with all tlio aceem|ianimcau anally
foend in then. Indeed, externally, tho temple very moefa rcaemblm
tkoae at Barolli, dmeribial by Tod, and which I had jaiet viaitoi Tho
virnana ia almoat a farvabnile, aa far aa tko materinl would allow,
IbiNgh tho mantapa or pordi ia alighlly different in form, ai>d larger
ia propurtiou. In tho aanelaaiy ia a black marble aUtno of Viakne,
well cxerotod, and with all hie canal attrihutca, and on the Aoor in
front of him a largo welUUod Lingam, which ovidonlly ia now tho
priuifal object of wonAip, imlicatiag a ebanga of maaton I have
aeveral tiaca aeoa in tbem |«rta.

OF INDIA.

43

Around th« largu tmpW v* aiau imalUr thrint^ euh «f wkinh
Lad ooBUined n pMW of Kaipun; but oul; thno aro bo* ao ooea*
piod. Ono, » uUat, with fix Ifiiro* ruy SDacb dafaocd; anotlMr,
Viihna rapo^ng oa tiro Soacja; and tiro third, n mom of the ton
Krotori, but with tliiu Magulvitj: that boro the niath, inataad of baing
Ootama, aa iu orory otlwr of tha nriea I had than mob, ia Cbataibig
kimaotf, with hia gadhi, chakia, and all bia uaual attrihutea.

In froat of tho touplo, a long lorol fiojMge^ cut through tiro rook
(a bundrod owl tan paeca long,) laoda to a valley or dopnaaion in
the plateau, aad waa arideatlj farnrod, not only to afford a lorol
entranoo to tlia tanipio, bat to alio* tho rain**ater to drain off, wbieb
othenriM *OBld buYO itagnatad in the pit

It la not very ocwy to ondotutand why thin paaago *aa not
brought out through tiro ocarp, and thua aocoro giron to the leaplo froa
the plain. Perhape it aroaa froman anwillisgiMN to doatroyUiooiroa,
whJeh would haro beta neoeatary had that been atteapt^; and the
Brahmani, unlike our eortheru nfomet^ ueror aeam to Iroro been
deatroyera. Peihapa, aloe, it may haro attaan from tha ninmaity of
placing the temple eaat and waat, and a oonoequaet danro to appnadi
it in front, and not at riglit anglaa

The Bndtttiani norer, it appcaia, vere earo digger* j and *boa, in
the otrugglcs with tbe Baddhi^ they thought it neoeooary to engage
the prejodicQi of tbe jioople on tbeir aide, by adopting duo moat
popular and opIatMltd way of erecting plaoM of worship, nothing can
be more clenwy, owl if I may naa iLa axpreonoa, unnatural,
tbe way In whidi (hey aet about ih They either eofnad BudJhiot
rihara^ but without tiro eelb that garo (Lem meaning, and eororod
the walla with aeelpture, which, owing to the badneai of tha light,
(hey veto ill-flUed to dii|day; or, what was wurM, they copied in tbe
rock, (oa in this inoUnee,) their own itruetoral templea; bat thaa
Bceenaitaling their hebg placed ra a pit, which qaila deutroyed their
effect. Hed they always beee able to find iaolated rticka, aa they did
at MahaTollipore, ihia remark would loot much of iU forooj but both
ibo Kylaa at KUora, and thia temple, are deprived of half tbeir effect
from Ihic cause.

Tbe Buddhist tomplss, on the eeabary, an always in good gram¬
mar; they are all interiora,—really care*,—and with unlysnrii ax-
(enal ornameot, such aa vorandalu to the vibaras, aad frumingc to
tho great wiadw* in the ehaicya eavei^ as were always in good taria,
and the puipoee and meaning of which was at oeeo leen. Thero is
DO iimtanee of a Uaddbist copying as exterior, aa is hero (ho
or any building not a caro.

44

TBB BOCS-CVT TBMPLS8

Tbe aimilftritj of thu tomple to that lU Boiolli oiteo oaabiM mo, ot
lout opproximatoiy, to detormiao lU ago; tor I bave modo np my
miBd, for KOMoa whkh 1 eoDaot enter on hero, that the former ww
orooted la the eighth «r niatli contaiy after ChritL Thk probably
•ru eoeval. The acalptiiro, too, (hengb ozeented ia rather a eoarur
material, (fine hard fneatoae,} here ia very aimilar ia deaign and axo-
entioa.

ELLORA.

I hare pot off apeahing of EUora to nearly the Uat, not only
it eootaiiH aome of the meat modem cave templea of Indio, bat
becauw it ia the moat compUented aoriu I am aeqnaintod with, ooo*
taioiog examploe of almoat ereiy kind, except, porhap^ the moot
aaciont, and tbereforo denanding more knowledge of tho aubjoet to
nndoraUnd it, than any ether uriMj and aleo, bccauao, u being the
beet known in Europe and the one generally qnetod for ite unknown
aatiqidty, I ehall bare to eonteod more with preooucoirod opiniona
when tpoaking of tho otboni Tia boring b^ ao often doeeribed,
however, will enoUo mo to be more coneieo oi^ any lou on tho sabjeet
than I aiwuld odterwiao hare been obliged to do.

It ia nmal for trorelleta to bo awo-etinck on firat apptooebing
"Ibb raw ampbilboatro of rock-eut tooiplca.” It ia, boworar, tbo
principal defect of ibia atyle of building that it mokea ao little oppeer-
ance oetaido. Some of tbe Vtbaro coree boro fine frenta, bat Uing
either u o cliff u ot Ajanta, or Karli, th^ bear mneh the aome pro¬
portion to tho roek u a whulow do«a to a hooM aide, and therefore
loao any appearance of eue, or they are enarotod on tbe aloping aide
of a bill u at Kltoia, and can only bo aeon directly in frvot; the
Vilmtu are never fine externally, and hero low ao Chan nasal, owing
to tho sloping nature of tbo bill; and the Kyha ta aboolutely invtaible
from the exterior. Indeed, a man might ride along tbo whole front,
and at a few bandied yaida' distonoo, and, snlew prorioBaly warned,
never be aware that he wu in their vicinity.

To convey to tho European wind a atiU greater impteteion of their
magnilloenoc, it hu been aworted more than oeca, that they are eat ia
bard red graaito, wberene, the ledt ia the saual trap formation of tbia
•do of India, a aort of porphyritio grceoatoue or amygdaloid, T
belioTO; but whatever it t% certainly u ooft and u estatly worked a
material u conkl well be need for architectural purpoeeu.

The amphitbeatre of rocky bill in which they are eituatod eannot
be leia than two or three miles nieuured on the chord; and tbe cavee
ore ecattoted over a distoaoe about a mile aod a half. Sir Chariu

OF INDIA.

45

Mdlat mjt, om inslo fron tW IdJm Subka to th« VinrekAma is
a diraet lino; thla gmt ipaeo takaa my moA vny fran tka aSaet
wbaa Tiowcd aa a vhola; aod it it oaly wkcn Id Um eoarta of tbe
earMt or wkon aludjring tktir deUila, that joa ara aware of tkoir
graatsofl or nagnifieeaoo.

In deaeribinf tboae cavae itwat trarellara eonneiioa wiik the moot
Borthem groap, tba JiiggAaalbSubba,aiid preceod totbemoalaouthem,
the Viawakanna group; both Sir Charin Maliat aud Colcml Sykco
follow tkia ploo, and tlio giihlM inrariablj take the tiareUar to the
iDoat DortbcTB firot, ao that if tba tMtaa aio eouimaoeed on tba drat
iBapeetioo, tke7 almoat certainly take tkia diraeUoa. Seely ii alnwot
tbe only exception I know to tbii rule, and ko pluDgee at ooee "ia
nradiaa rea,*' and deoenbco flrat the Kylaa, and tbau tbe olben iodie-
eriminatelj.

Tbe true way, bowerer, to deaeribo tbia icrioa (whicb aa &r m I
am aware no one baa followed,) ia to coumeaeo from the auatkara
extremity, where the Boddhiat group exiata, and, eouaequoBtly, tka noet
aMtenl cavoa of tba aarioa, and tbe gradatioa ia tbau eeaily pereoived
by wbieb they paaaad into tbe BrabDiaBteal, wbieb, after riaing to ita
glory ia tbe KyUa ami Doooiar Lcfta, again for a durt tine jato
tbe balf-Jaina group of tba Jnggaaatb Subba, a»d omlad then

I regret mack that my notca on tboae cbtci are not more fall
they are; but baring rv^ driailoJ daatriptioBa by auch mao aa Sir
Cb^ea Hallat, Colonel Sybea, Saely, Wale^ fte., I tbougbt nothing
raraaioed aadeaerilied,and merely noted wbat bore directly an tbe aab*
jact of ray reatazebtti; nnd the rolaraeo that contain tlioae dceeriptMoa
beiag much toe bdky to be carried nbout, it waa not till too late
that I diaeoreied how mneb, fnrtiealariy among tbe Boddbiat lomple^
renai&a to bo known, and doaeribad.

The whole eeriea of Ellom coaaiata of abont thirty exoaratioM, of
wbiob too are Buddbwlical, fourteen Brahaanieal, and aix belMg,
properly ^waking, to ndtber of tbeea eaeti; and they can mttiy Iw
in atnetneoi aicribed to tbe Jaina, tboogb mrooring more of tbeir
religioua teneta than of oilber Bmhraaaitm or Boddhimo.

Of tbe Buddhiat group the prieeipa] care ■ tbe ae called Vitwn-
karma, tbe anly Cbaityn enro of tbe aeries; it ia neither ao large ae
tbooe at KariJ or Sahwtte, being only forty-thrm feet wide internally,
by eightydbree feet one inch in length, noe ia it ac riob in iu detaib aa
tba two later Cbaityaa at Ajnnta. Still it boa beautiea of ita own
wbieb render it highly intending; ita exterior court-yard (a aqmre
of about aerentj feet with a baadiome eeloBnade on tbrea ridea,) and
ifaa aiinpla linea cf the front form to my eye a non ]»lenaiag exterior

4C

TMB aOCK-CUT TIMPL88

til— Uiat of tatj of Um otIim» ot l«Mt at pranot, tboogb il t> Impoo-
■iUe mw to jodgo of wktt Umit effect Booy haro been vbeo tbeir
giUoriM an4 woo<lan doocmtiou wen eompleto.

It diffen from all otlion in kariof what wo wonld oall a triple or
VoiMtiw window in Iho eentre^ whieh extoroally la eortaialj morn
ploaanjt than the great arcdi in the ethen; hat that aa I have rag.
goitod above wai probably set aoea frora without, and iatenialljr,
thia eave w eertainljr worn lighted than the othera; though ia eueh a
elinaie ita f^oom eaa aoaieelj be called a defect.

Inlereallj the deaigo of the temple b marked with eoanderiblo
degaaoe and muplieity; the two plllan that rapport the gallery over
tbo eairaaoe ai* rich and baadiraaa; the tw«nty.eight othera an
■nple oetagou, changing ia om part to aixIraQ oidea, and of gnat
ologanee.

Tba eeulptnn in the paooU of the trifbriam bolt <lMappouted me,
bnt under the ipringing of endk of the atone ribe of tbo iW u a corbel
figntvv alteraalriy taaJo and fcnrnle, all tbo natoe having tho esake
hood, whieh the fnualea have not

In front of the daghepa b Buddha aitting with hw feet down, with
oa attendant on each aide, aad over hw bead an a number of flying
flgureu, only found in the unat modern Buddhbt cavea^ and nrouring
mneh more of BrahnianioBi than tbo pan worship of Sakya Muni;
there ia no tnea of painting or Ntneeo un the eave, though the rale
walb of the ablea being left tough, look aa if that had been intended
^ the original exeavateia.

Tbee^ the form aad ordinaece of tbb temple an pnrely aad eor*
reetly Baddhbtiral, the oedpturea deviate atnagely fnm the nraal
fbniM adopted by that oeetj ataading, fur inatauee, In the ooart>yard,
you do not aeo any flgurei of tbo dcifled, no crcne-leggcd Bndd^ or
Bodhiralwa, except in a veiy wbordinate poMtion; and on the eon*
traiy, tlio aenlpturos gonetnlly eonaiat of pain of flgarea, male and
fcmale, aeon ia BmLmankal Umplea, aad in one group in no very
decent attitndc, (he only inatance I am awan of anything appnaefaiDg
to iadocooey ia any temple of this raet; inlmally the aame in tho
caoe; aad it U indeed, loo evident, that the pun religion of Buddha
bad deviated mneh from ita primitive aiaiplictty befon ihia cave sma
excavated, and that it was already verging £ut to that which ane-
eeeded it; a drennutaaoe which aloeo would bo auSciont to bring
du«n Us dale to a very modern time; but the dotaila of ita anhileetsn
affont iMn certain meana of oompariaon, and place it aooewbera
between the two moot modern Chaityna at Ajnnta; it umy be ai old aa
the one, or aa medera aa the other; bat it cunot, I think, nnder any

OP INDIA.

47

tircmoMtaaeet, b» plwed liig*wr than tU ilxtli or Mteath eoatorv
of our oi«, and I wotiU oet Irng it down lover than the ci<hUi or
ninth.

Them are nnmorou Vihanu attaobed to tliia gmA earc, the nrin.
eipal of vhieh b Uw fieat Dehrvam, one of tho laiscot oxcantioat
of the olaat that I know of; boia; about one hundred and ten loot
by eoreaty, inolnding tho tide reooM; it ia, aafortuaatoly for eiroe^
wry low, and ita detaila an hy no nKaon to he compared to tlimo of a
ainilar a^ at Ajnnta. It ia probahly of the owe dote aa the Vtawn-
kama; if any thing, non niedaru.

Cloee to the great ato ii a amall and rery pretty Vihaia, in which
the aanctnaryetandi froe, vilhapaamge all round it. aa ia aomo ef
the Sirite earoe further oa; and the appearance of the watdatt on
OMh Md* of ite door would load ono rntlier to expoei an inane of
Sira inindo than the Bndillta which nctoally eceapioa it Tfco ilt Hflt.
however, of ite architectaro an tho nuno aa in the Viawaknnaa.

Commanientiag with Ihie one, ta a nail equnre Vihara, tho leof of
which ia aappewtod 1^ foor pilUn of the auiM detail u the Dookyv*
ghur, the oare next it on tho north; hut though nrroanded by calk it
hat no aaactunry or imagoe.

Higlier np tho hill than thaao an two othen ooataining nameroua
oolle, and one with a very htadeone hall, the outor half of which hoa
UBfortanatcly tonbled ia; enough, however, ronuina to thow not only
ita plan, but all the dataila, which very noeh reeeutllo then of tho iaat
group of Viliama U AJnnta.

In the aanetaariea of moat of thne caTcs an figaree of DndJhaa
aittiag with thnr feet down. On each aide of tha image in tho piin-
ispal oae, an aiae fignrea of Buddhas, or nthar Bodhieatwae, soated
oroa^ksggod, and below them three and three Sguma, aoiao cn«-
legged, and othore etaading, probably devotee^ and ooo of them a
woman.

Norther of theee eavoe have been entirely flsUbed.

There it atiU another group of thceo atnall Vilmraa, called tho
Chamarwana, or, (if I ondoretand eometly,) tho Chumara' (or ahoo-
moken’) riuartor. Tho flret » squaro. with twelve pillaru on the
plaa as those at Ajnnta, though tho detail is similar to the Vwwa-
karma. There an coU^ and in tbs aanetaary Buddha sruing with
the foot dovn; it never has been gnisbed, end is bow mach rei^

Tha Mcend is similar in plan, though the ptUan am ef the
form of Ekpliaata aad the Dehrwam, hut tha enpilals an much
better formed, than in tho last oxampl^ aad more umaawnled' the
lateral gnlleriea hero ooatain figans of Baddha, all like the one ia the

46

THI EOCR-CUT TEUPLBB

MMtuij litthg with their feet don, ead then aro onijr two mIIo od
Mch iido of Uw MBolMOr.

Tho loot u a aiMOl pl^ ViKua with ooUo, but without piUan, ud
moeh roiaod.

The whole of the oevee U thii groop noemble owe another eo mBob
in detail and exeeutioB, that I am naable to make oat aaj taoeeaeton
amoBj them, and it ie probable that the; were all exoaTated within
the eame eealvj an tho Viiwakanaa.

The next ilim templee I hare to doeoribe are iiartieuUrl; intereet
inf to the anliipiariaD, aa pointing ont the eaeccaalvo alepe h; which
the Bnddbielieal earoa merged into Brahmaniem. Aa tho; have been
ao often deecribed, 1 need not repwt tbe deecription hort^ hat lutno
that their fom and detail are known.

The Brat it tho Do Ta), or Dookja Ohar, a Buddhiat Vihan of two
atoriu i muet of iu dolaiU are eo anuilar to thoae ahore doaehhed, that
K may bo aaanncd to be withont doobt of (lie aaiuo age; it m atrieU;
BodihiiCio in all ita dctaile, and alMiwa no more tendene; towarda
BraLmtaiam than what I pointed oat in aiieaking of Vwwnkarua.
It i^ijiaivaUy waa intended to have throo atorioe, but haa boon left
uafiaiahtd.

The next, or Tocn Tal, ta rei; aimiler to tho laal in anangcanont
and detail, and ita Mulptaraa an all Baddhietical, thoogh deviating ao'
far from (ho nanal dmpUcitj of (hat etylc^ aa almoat to jaatify the
Bratunana in apimjiriating them a* they have donoL

The third, the Uaaavatar, ia another two-atoried cave, very aiBilar
in all ita ardiitocture and detaila to the two |iroeoding, twt the
oealiitutea an all Brahmanical. At Brat, I aaMinod, that (he exeak-
valioa had been made by the Boddhiata^ aitd e|ipr<iprta(ed and Buiahed
by their neecaora Tliie nuy be true to a nrtain extent, bat on a
were canfol examimtioa I am taora inclined to think wo owe it
raiirely to tho Brnkniana It it evidently the carlicat Brehmanieal
loai]ile ben, and it ia natora! to aoppoao (hat wlien tin Sivitna Brat
attempted to rival their antagvnuta ia eavo tomploa, they shoskt follow
the only modria that oxMtrd, wrtely appropriating it to their own
woruhipi The cireamatanoo, however, (hat makea mo moot indiao to
thb opinion, ie the exietenoo of a paondo-etructarml llantapa, or ehrine
ofNandi, in theeonrt*yard: (hit evidently nioet have been a part of
the ortgiaal dcaign, or the rock would not have been left here for it,
aod it ie a model of (he nmial atractaral building foond in 8ivile tetn-
ple. in diBerent parla of India. And ao 1 pointed out in apeahing of
the bhnraaar eavea, thie ie a piece of bad grammar the Bnddhiata never
were guilty of; their excamtieno alwaya are caree, whilet the >»li^

OF INDIA.

43

ncterUlic of Braknuaial uamkw u to eopy their atrKtaral buiM-
iage, a eyrtcn wLieh rm to iti height ia the Kytae, which u> the ncii
I ell*]] hare to tioecrihe.

A/ter the mcamfxtl atteopt at a niiaU neh-eet toada] of om of
their own teinp)ee,itu not woodorfD! that the BrahaiaaachMM attcnpl
eomeUiinir of the mao chui on a larger aonle, though Mme rowvrfal
iBotiee mum Invo exiited to iiulnce them to attempt any thing «>
■plendid aa the Kylae.

lo it there k no trace uf the forriM or onlinanece of the earw I
hare jiut boon (leeeribing; o^ thing u Brdmiaaical, ovcfy thing «
oopiod from etmetaral building*; and had it boon eat oat of a rook
on a plain, (iu prtFiwr ntaation,) no stranger would have Mupoctod that
""O* • MonoHUt, witbont at Iraat, a louat earefol examinatioo of its
atractare.

If, a* I wppoM wae the ease, K vraa uidertakon to mark tlio
triumph of tho Siritco over tho Buddhist frith, H was a noble idea; and
whatever fauHi taay be inherent in the deu^ we owe to it not only
Ibo moKt ^dondid exeavatkm in India, bal we are alao fortunate in
IKMtemnng a record of the architoeture of its date in no impcrmhahlo a
form, ami which may hereafter help ue to make inportaat hutarkel
dednetioBa

The greatest frsit inbereut in tho dnugn is tho ertnattoa in which
the Kylas ftands, being literally, aa at Dhannar, a temple standing in
a |wt. Prom thi* esreumstaae^ tho gateway, or g<^ra, and Mreen in
front, entirely hide the temple from viow oetsido, end when in the
interior eonrt the spaoo it se eonfined, that the spectator eaa never get
to a wffieiont distanoe to gel a good general view, and look whet way
bo will Im has always the perptnJkalar scarp of tho pit, higher
the templo itselt

Wlien I Snt approached the Kyks, it was after a long journey,
during the courm of which I had visited almoet all tha Hiadd remains
bstweeu Jaganaih on tlm shores of the Bay of Bengal, aad Mount
Abu on the border* of the wwtera desert; aad I had acquired (oeh
frmilmrily with the stylo aad details of Hindu architoeture, that 1 felt
omvinced I ohoold at onee be able to syachioBba this woaJor of Rllora
with some of (he temple* I had seen, and eveo perhaps te afrx a date
to it The (ir*t glance however uadeeeived me, as the atyle was
toully difereut from any thing I had icea, aad oao might aa soon
attempt to 8x the date of a Oothie cathedral, from having aeqaired aa
intimate knowledge of the elaiM styles. Unlike the temple at
Dhumnar, whieh is an oiacl copy of the itraeteral buUdiag* in its
Migbbourhood, this belongs la a southern type, and that type I had not

50

THS ROCR*CUT TKMPLS8

tkM hftrf u opfwtiaait; of MMag or ezamiBing; Md h 1 hBve ofim aid,
tkere an ao diawingi extant of Indian bnildinge which will enaLlo
an aatiquahas to vaho the eompanaw wilbmit pefaoaal htapoMion.

It wa M« till Um fpring of iho preoent ymr that 1 «u aUe
to eonpleto bj nrv^ of Hiad6 arohitectnre hjr a (oar ia the Oar-
natie, and K wu than at Taa)ot« and Chilkmbiwn that I found the
type 1 waa lookiag for. It wonld porfaape ba going too fat to amrt
that the boilden of tUo groat pig^ at Tai^ were the exeaTatora
of the Kylaa; tad it woohl oeruialy uke np Bore time and rpaoe
' than I ttn aiTord here to atlcn|>t to prore it; l>at ao itroag in the
eridraee, not only from the nmilorily *if etyleo hat aim froa hiatory,
(I rhonld rather my tradition,} that I hare no donlit ia oiy owi mind,
tUt the Cbola, or at haut, aone of the Kamata R^a« were the oxen-
raton of tliu Kv|ilc, and Ihn roMotera of Sirito wundiip in the
Dehkan; my own iuiwemioa 1 % that wo wut veribo tide to cither
Ra^ Rajewln or Kori Kale Clwfaui, and that ounaequeally tho Jato
gireci by Mtrr Alt Khnn to Sir Cimrlm Mallet w very nrwr tho tnth,
ifaiiplicd to thh exenvaliuB. at irnitt. and tint K wm nude in the In4
half of the ninth centary of oar en.

Tho cxtcnwl gateway k exactly one <>f the gopnma which adora
all (bo toaiplco of the xuath, awl are unknown in the north; whether it
had crer the ttyraMnlical toi> with which nil them are adorned it ia not
very emry now to detenainc. I am inclined to think it hail, hat if ao,
it wobM he of brick, an all tboeo are, though their ham u onirmally
of graake, to the height at whirli tliie one of the Kyhw remaiao.

The eoloaaade whirh Mirroanda tho arm ta which (he temple
itaads if of couk more inudem than the temple hmlf; probably eon*
nderably m, an the i<yle ia dilTctent, and rcxecnhlc* mere the eorthem
•tyle than any thing in (he teuoplo il«ctf, ao marh m indeed, (hat it
a'oald alawot •mn ao if the arthitcctii had rcrerted to tho Ctmiliar
type* of the earni preriouiy dnwribed, after (he retimnent of (heir
•outlien friradii.

Of a otill Bote uiodem ilato io llie Itrwutifal (eiwplo of Imnka m the
nurthorn mrp of the melc, to wlueh I ehall rorert fimcnUy, and to a
later J***- tbaa eren (hie would I aocribe tlie two-arefaed Bnddhiot-
leohing exearatien na each tido of tlie entraace, one of whieh, (hat
of tlie north, ia ealy cownraKod, that on (ho ooutii nearly Soiahed.

It k iiMMlde they may har« leea plac^ there with the idea of
eoaeilktiag tho Rmldhh^ by (ho Rr»( dnigneta of (ho temple^ but ]
coewider it an math awro jarohable tiiat (bey Imre Inmi added at oonie
time, when, for a obort ioterral, tho Bnddhku may hare liad tho apiier
haad, and eosMi|aeatly pcaMMioa of Uw templn.

V

or INDIA. 51

I ukodd ft]» roeaUon. tliat Uw ViBuwa ttelf i« tbo oslj tbimg b»*
offcpiiroljwutkMiitypB, iU «yoaou are loM anU tU.cam, botfc
OB iHo north and aouili «da,Iwro rnDtili more oiBnitywiih tho northorn
Btylo*, Uiu with tboM fomtd on tho toutli of tho KUtiu.

n» uoxt ax OATW ptomdiog north, havo boon m oAcn owl m>
well dowrihod, tliot I nuy be eseiuod wying Moch aLout (liciu; they
ere uaielly celled Um Rweeawen, Ncelewit, Tcell he keneh, Kamerw
werni, eod the two Clieedwtune

They ore all rery mnch oa the wso ptea. eod all aingnlariy like
•ntall Boddhiil Vibans at fint tighu m macfa lo. that after leiog omi.
Tinecd they were Bmbmenieml. I Mill eJaag to iiie idoe that ih^ niiut
be apiirepriatMuj hot thle idea aiuet be aUudoaed, for they are all
without eell^ and there are arenngcniniti aleut tliaa never rern In
Vibante; and luul tb^ been onoe aaed hy tire Beddhiste it w«mld
hare boon imporeible, in a rock tonple, to oblitemle the nwrke of their
former dootination. IinitatkMu tb<y certainly are, and thie ie porhape
all that can bo caid of thenj tliongli it hi dWealt to andoretajid why
tho Brahmana chould haro itahated tho BaddhbtJ, anlere it wa* (m
before enggaNcd) to eonelliate tho followon of the latter religion, by
•Ulowing thra to wonlilp the new godii in rock-ent tcmplce, riwilar to
theee in which Uioir huhen had wonhipjwd before tbcni.

architertaro of all then tenifilni ie of a northem typo, and
reeenibice, with eumo variation, iletaile found ia U» eavea to tbo reuth
of tho Kylaa, and at Ajanta, though dilbring in eomo rrepecta to anit
the two diflerent religiODi to which they are dciUcated.

Tbo Rameawara is the BKwt eoiaplete, and ita wulptnre tbo here of
any teroplo bore, thoogb mneb ia the wne stylo as tl^ rerroemlina
the Kylae. *

Tho aioet oortbem of (he two CbeBdwasnf is tho only Vairiiaava
temple here, and at tho aanre time the one tbu looks most like en
apprepriatioo, for it has oelle, and the Mulptnn —«i«« to have been
interpolated on the original dcaign. The reaiptere, however, m <o
bad that the whole may belong to an age very much more medero
than the others.

The next to be deeeribed is tie Doomar Lena', the llneat and largest
Brahmankal cave excaratton here. From he plan and •lotatia, ibere
can be no doubt that it was ae perely Brahmanlcal as tbs Kylaa. Tba
plan exactly reeemblea the ChaSri, or nuptial hall, ndt as those in
freni of the great temple at BaroUi, and also the one ia tho fort at

r2

' ?lito No. 4.
tw <u *#

52

THS ROCK-COT TIHPLKS

Kitailnuur; tnd if I an oomel In twuUtiog Chatlri u DvptUl ball,
M Tpil tbe a|>p«II«tjoa Doomor Lon* boro giroo, ii tbo oomot
ono, Hd lot noroljr a tririnl name, dorirod from one of tin aonlptarod
gnopo^ at unalljr tappoaod. Indeod, bad that boon the ean, tbo^r
woald bardljr bare oaed tbo Pali word Lena. Tbo only difiorane*
botwaan tbk, and tbo rtraotatal Cba&rit, it tbat bora tbo tampU or
t’lDiua it inoloaoil in tbo cavo, whilo at Bandli, and olaowhera, tba
Cbadri itands in front of tbo tnaplo. Tbo taino thing oeenra in
Bsidhiat artbitoctvr^ for in all Baddhiat eountrwi we find tbo daghopn
aoteide, aid aear tbo tompla: in tbo enrcs it it placed iindde.

Thnagh tbo ardiitootura of tbia eavo it finiabed, tho ocnlptnre doea
not teea ao em]de4e at at Elqdtanta, a oaro whicli this one tinga-
UHjr ratoaibloa in erarj mpaet, both of itn^ jdan, and lictail; tbia,
bowtror, it tbo largcat, being n bnndrrd anal fifty feet ooch way, wUilo
tbo other it naly a bundrod anal thirty, anal iu doUilia nro Mnovbat
hotter finiabod; tboaigli tbo pillaM an m> much alike, that tl rojnimi
drawmga naalc on tbo apoC to detort tboalitTcrcnco lictwcen tben

Tbc Kolfitama, tawi, Bccni inteiMlcil to lu>*o hccii nearly tbo mnio,
and on tbc jtalo of tlia ootnnn wo find tbo laiinn figure ajl Bsddha,
or, aa tbo people call him bert, Jan Dburni, the Dlianiia Raja,
whieb |iat(leo the antiajuarian at Elepbont^ I can only aacrilie hia
prunee to the Mwe tyntoni of eoneilmtioa whieb indneed the Bnh*
mana tat ga> out aj (heir way (n dig ibew enreu at all.

Tbia tearplo, with tho ono at Elepboata, if 1 am eatrroet in tho
viowi I hare atatcal abuve^ mwt bare been excavated m tbo tenth
oeatnry of oar tra, a date wbioli I do natt think oan pomibly be far
from tho tratb.

In a nullah above tbia are aercral muall eavna, containing Trimnrti
bwt^ and one alao eziaU near tbo Kylaa. Tboy nro not rcMarkaUo
for aay thiag obo, and what I bare to aay of tbo biulii ia ajuertion bad
better be deferred till I come tu (peak of ElopbanU.

There arc two cetm whieb I ^ve pamed over in the above eonmo>
ration, w u not tai hreah tbo ebiOBadagtcal Majaence in my dcaeription.
The fii^ the Rarana ka Kate, (Aahcn a»f Raraan,} w dtaatod
between (be Teen Tat and Daa Avatar, bat lower d«iwn in tbo bill,
ami baa few poiafai of aaimiltrity with tbcaa tm each aialo of it. It ia a
parely Brahnunleal cave of a fiawid Mylo of arehitoelare. In farnn the
pitlan remnUe a goatd deal thoMi limt nerruanal tbc roart-ynnl of the
Vw«akama,llioagh moreomamenteal, and it mlwre that flrat appear*
iW vaM and falling leaf, lo common, afterward#, in the tecnpbw of

PtetvKaS.

OP INDIA.

53

aortheni ladi^ Tbo aonlptan it good, and nmilar to that of tbo
Ruiiwwon in auin; Kifioou. 1 havo lio*«m doKribod it by itoelf,
ai Ui«« u no OAVO in Bil»n wbooo tnlstivo dato I found lo diBcult
to dutormine. It nuy poaibly belong to tbo pooition it koldi loeallj
in tLa aortoa, and uroald bo iLu tbo onriieot Onbmaniral cave ben,
and tbo tdinilarity of iu piUan to tbon of the Viomduinna, ratbcf
IhYtwr tbu MippooitiMij but ita duridnoM, Uu otylo of oculptare, and
tbo gcowral diapuaition of tbo myo, inelitw uw to idaoo it moeb later,
or, a* iMn dnnibed, after tbo Dooiuar Lon*.

Tbo oUior cave it oalled Laaka, and ie wliiated abore tbo coloeitade
in tbo northern aearp of the Kyloa; front ite pooition OYidenUy ex^
ontod Mboe^ueully to tbo gront toniplo, and, fnni it* deiogB, 1 dioeJd
think not 1m tluw mm or two ccnUarieo later. Ito details all belong
to the noftlioru idylcs, ami an bold ami good; indeoil, oi a ipodniea of
caYo ardbitocton, I oonsidor it tbo dneet and best dnigiiod in the
whole aorioa Tbo pillan, whkh wunld bo duncy and bnvy in a
■trnetnml bnibling, an elegant and appmpriato wbon viowod in eon>
jnnetion with tbo nun of nek they Mppetl Tboro an voiy fow
acnlptore^ and tlicee an net nmarkable either for exocntion or dnign.
Indeed tbo eavo dow not toctu to have been entinly dniabod, or every
eonportaioat would, witbonl doabt, liave cuntainod aomo group of
aonlptan.

The next «t«o to be denenlwtl nn tlra India Snbba gronp, oon-
aiating of four principal cavel^ and nvanl anallcr oaca.

In tlioir arcliitcctan tbey didcr vary eomridembly fron than
alnady deneribed, being gonenlty more ornato, the pillan aboRcr and
mon inaaHvev and a spedn of leaf falliog over a van beiag ben
intndnoed, which doc* not ooeur in any of tbo earlier exaaplca;
though lOBictbiag of (bo kind tt wen aa above noutioned, in tbo
Ravana ka Kaie^ and in (be Lanka; indeed tbo atylo of the laat*
uaniod eare *o completely reaenibloa that of (be Indra Snbha (bat 1
have no beaitatioa in jiladng (betn nearly in tbo aamo age, iboogfa it
would be dilBcalt to any which i* the mon modam.

Tbo acnliMunt to tbia group Lava bitbarto proved a atumbling-
block to antiquarioa, an<I no (U^ opinioa aceiiw to bnvo been arrivod
at regnnliiig tbeia. BiMkIbiat (key certainly an no(, or at all orenta
of ao degenernto a tyim aa aciRO to dewrvo that namo; nor an (hoy
Brahmamcal; and tboogb tliey certainly narniUo Jaina aonlptan
more than any ether, 1 do not (kink they can be Qorrrrtly aacribri to
that acet either, at leoat aa wo now know IL In no pUco ra tlioae
cavaa do tbo twenty-four tbirtbankan appear, nor bar* the enna-
legged dgvrea the aymbola which almeat invariably aecorapanv tbeae

54

TUI ROCR'CUT TBMPLM

irnnhiei, umI tn Um cnlj aican* of diatiofiiiikiBf oao fron oaotW.
]f, bowevor, I u oomet io M|i|MMiiig Juaina (a bo a lort of eoai>
proiabo Letwooa tbo odior two religtono^ which did oot uqain ita
praaent fom and coniiatonoy till aflor tho dewaftU of tho Bnddluita,
whoa thej wen joiacd by moot of that ooet who had aot ea*
biaood tho doBUBoat religion, tbcoo oaroo an douhijr intemtiag ao
thewing h tho loljgMM in a atato of traantioD from OM tat of toaota
to another.

Ba thw at it majr, I have liitk doubt tlmi thojr are the Inti caTot
executed hm, ami I do u<it thmlc their date can he carried higher than
the elomiUi or twelfth oentarjr of oer on. lodoeil, fnm a eiiaiiaritj
la MM of the drCaibs I would feel almoait iaollaod to aarriho them to
Ihga Imlra D/antaa, who idajfe m inipurtaBt a (mH liere, and in the
hailding of the ftuMwa Jaganatha Pagodii, lu Orhoa, in the twelfth
oeiitui^; hat it weald ro>|aite lavro kauwlcilgo and Uhoar thaa I can
at iWQMkt applj tv the Mil>jc«, to make out whether thii bo reallj the
cate or aot

Thtte hi nao Maeuhirkj in tlicM nrce that 1 am auaUo to explain,
which k the form of tho i>«u>loH)tnKtarnl tnuidc in tbo oonit yard, ia
fiwut I'f (hr tiulra Saliha. Like tlw K^lnt, it rceait to lave e«M from
thr Math, while tho detaiU all noud it hciiing to tho noethen t^rpee;
aail though itr age wuahl I 7 m meone hiterfero with the dale girea
alwrr, ita appeamneo brte ia Miigular, and its detail taill more w.
The dilBcolly will jirrha]* only lie aolved hy a more attentive exaiui-
BaliMi of tho arertuml tveiplca of (he Drkkan than 1 have been able
to tiakr.

BLEPHA^VTA.

The gmt care at Rlcjdianra haa hcon dcacrihcd n well, ami la
wh ddaih hy Ur. Enkinr, in the TraiiMcliocw of the Buulay
Literary Society, that I may la exniwil raying aincfa almat H.

The rock hm h mark harder tian at Ellon, and all the detruU
are roa>n|acady cat with mote ]>mwinD, and hotter preaerved, than
ia the cavw there; bet neither the oatline aor graenl dcalgn are
hrtirr than In the tcilptarc of the Hindu eeriea tliero.

The great cave, ae 1 raid Loforo, in of dm fvnn now called a Cbaori^
and diflirm frvai the eae at Rllora wily in tiw poritioo of tho Ling
chapel, nr ranrtnaiy; aad da greet Trimurti IxM, i^ieh say have heen

■ Sw iMratactlM ta Witaa'o C’etJigai MaeknwieW USA, p. ocit olao,
Ataiiir RrworctM*. vdL «*., j>. SICi aad l>r. BoelwMa dtaiialca of

B t a al fu r, |w S.

or INDIA.

55

intanJoJ, is tlio Doomar L«t», for the ifttco ^tpgaite tho oomoM, U
(kora loft blHuk, tlKiegh podlion of tko nactuary mulon tbii
tiuprolMlilo. TtiO giwU boot k now genomlljr •llaire>l to bo of SirK
olono, oDil I will Hiit will u^ltinf to tlto diasuaidiMi, furtlicr thaii by
utcotioDini; tbot (it Borolli tbcra m m but of Iar|co iliiiMOMioM, aixl
oliuooi oxActly tiniilur to lliwj Iwt Imajf oat in lluo ImnI aloM, nil
tiuit reniniiu of it io laora cuil/dixtingaUiable tluia borOi Tbo centn
fnco, iwwaror, is anforUinaloty caliroly akfoeod, Iwt llmt on iU rigbl
hu n oknplct of dcalU, and tke “fruatlct oyv' open, nial u nnj;ry unJ
nniiantod axpreadoa of ooonteaaaco. Tko fue on the loA ku niw tlio
frontlet eyo dMtinetly uinriccH^ bat u no eyeball h ■liowa, I prOMiine
it it meant to be topTemnted m idiat; bat what mbb) particular intO'
ra*t to tbu boat as that orcr it, «a tlio mu atoue, ai« full4eii^k
aUtueo of Brahaia end VUuia, tko fnnoer over tbe rij^kt free, with
hb thru (‘pw'y fun»l) f**". »'*>! bin Vnlmnn, tbo goooj^ tbo loUer u
uonally rofircaeated, with Lb fi>ar nmai, aa<l iha j{a41ti, riiakn, 9te.,
eireuaiatiutrcu which iiaito put to rwt tbe idea of the beet iUclf repro-
•entitig tbo tbno |>enoiM of tbe Trinity, uor eaa I eoocar with Celuiiol
Sykoe in oupiaainK tho left fiteo to he Parrali. Tito ibrw I belioxo
to bo Sira, m ermtor, pruorrer, nail dadmyer; an osaaiaption ef the
ottriliutoe of tbo other twu urrtiwd to him by hie voUrica wfaea hb
aronhip booaiiM dominant.

Ill n rarino mnit '1119 from tho grtal euro aenaa tbo iaiand, lliora
aro two otlier envw, eiaular in pbw to tkun idtuated lotwoen the
Kylu and Doomar I^na, at Bllora. Tlicao anfi«taiwtcty, boweror,
aro BO mneh iiyuieil by tbo falling of llio ruck aiul tlio tlaaip, that it b
isipouible to tuako nut inoio than their dodkalioa to Sim, and a
goocml abuibrity to tluae of Ellura, with which I Imvo no doubt they
are owtomponry: indeed there u a diqtree of eimilority between tlio
two oerire which b einiiabr in sarnetam w dbtant, and wlikh can
only be accoanU-d for liy their being nsdertakea at tbe mac tine, and
probably nndcr the wnio dircctbai.

I ooald God no trace of SodJIibm in the wbide blawl, ami tlicec,
therefore, an pyrtuqM MBgalor. u bdag tbo only parely Rnliiiwutrul
urica ill tin north of India: for tlinarh thuao at Joygltcair ami klont-
Iteur are likewbo i«iroly Hiada, and a|ipareotly of tUe •oaio ago os
tlieao, they ore aitaatwl in iLo mate i4aa<i. ami *u aoarly in tho riri-
nity of tbe great llatblhbl Krbr of Kaniiari. tliat tbo motire l•cf••ro
(Mcrihml, u imiwiug tbo Drahunae to become cave diggen. apfliee ti>
ibem.

o6

THK EOCK-CUT TIMPLK8

MAHAVBLUPOKE.

Od* ooly MTiM mnaliu bow to bo dtoerS)od, oiid wbioh, thougb
Mt 00 magniflcoot or oxtcuire oo wow of Uwoe vbkb hoTo olroody
pooaed Bodor tovieir, otill poottnoo pecalkritia oad diotiBotiro fcBturw,
»kkb reader it aemteo hw istMeating to tbo artiat or tbo onttqoory.

Like Blon, hovorcr, it boo boon oo oftcB dowribed ^ EoropcBno,
tbot littlo rcMoias to bo oddod to «bot Imo boon olroady puUiabod oa

objeet, find by Meam. CHiomberB end Goldiagiioni ia tbo Aaiatie
RoMorcbea, oad aftorvonlH, wHb more prociaioB, by Mr. Bobia^ton, io
tbo Tmuactigiu of tbo Royal Aotatk ^ioty. Tbo noiiee* of Bultop
Hobor aad Mra Graliam aro tbo ielerMtiag, tboogb oot bearia^ o&
tbo proocat wbjeet of )n<)iiry.

BcOween Corolong ojhI Sadrao, a loaj; oandy rid/^e oxtoada oear
forty aika, bouiidod oo tlw coat by tbo um, and oa tbo went by a aalt-
water bitnoii, now dry far tbo Kreater part of tbo year. Toward#
tlie aimtben extramity of tliU nd^ a nninbcr of inaiacM of granito
rock protrado tJirou;^i tbo aurfacev an aoiucmiM aad lar^te ia me rfwt
H to fara a bill about a Mite in len^, vitli balf tiuit bremltb, aad
rwing to tbe beii^ of about a beedied or a haadte<l aad SBy feet;
and it (a in Uua bill dial tlio prinrijial antr^uitioa aro oitoatnl, eoa-
abtb^ uf Muo lialf-duwn of caree ia rariou utatn of proftiOM, »do
IM redn-otreetaral Iniiple, aa>l tbe faiaou baa-Rlie&. About balf a
mRo to Ibe (Dutb of tbit, are tbo fire ratiuv aad on tlio reek jeuin;f
ialo (be nb, due rout frwu tlio eevtie of tbo bill, tbe fainoua atructoral
tetnplo, kaowa aa tbe reinaining oao of the eoveo fagudaH, from wbiob
tbe plare (akea iU E«ro|iciui aame.

Tbe Knot cum|dctely liniabcd care bcrc, {fur uoao ia entirely ao,} ia
iba anall mm in tbe rariue, figured in Babingtona niatb plate. It ia
arrhiterturally coMipk'te, Ibougii ita aeulptaro ia not quite flabdied.
Tbo fiaoM earr, beurorer, ia tbe me euntaining Uio Ana haa-rclief of
Kali killtog Mabaaonn, (ace plot# 4 ia llalnagtoii’a doscriptina) by
for tbo fiaoit pkee of acnlpesro bore, and equal to anytbiog at Rltora.
Tba ftoiHMpicco of tbia care, however, ia merely blocked out, and ita
celLi are oufinaliod. Like tbe otbon it ia Moall vbrn compared with
ibe nurtberu cams being mly tliirty-two feet t«n iadieu, by ARcen foot
■X ioefcea, b tbo interior, exeliwivo uf the three ocUa; the centre oao of
wbkb ia occupnd by Sira aiuiag oa Naodi, with ParvatJ aad Sobra-
■uni, and abort tliew Bnhma and Vinknu. In form aad detail tbb
care may be ruinpared tv tbo liameawar at Eibru, or iierbapo rmtber
to nanber arren at Ajuala. It eaanot, bowerar, be M old an oitbar of

or INDIA.

57

.them, H Um uchitwtan it poorer, iMser, end ita deuile reMtobU
much more tliooe uwil in atmturBl beildioga of o mon nodors d»to
thaa tho mMMVO Mylo of cora luciiitocturo that diatin^nuhot tboao
•poeimoao'. Thot it it » copy from thooo ooves con aCMoely 1 thiak
bo doaUod, bet oot one of Um — agg,

ImmediAloly aboTo Ihia oere, aad apparently intemlod to fora part
of the doiijpi, u the baao of a atreetaral vimaaa of the eanie a^ and
atylo; tlio part romaintog ta of granite, and it probably aortr waa
flniabod, or if the pyramid waa beilt of brteic, aa ia the nBireraal eutom
in the aoatb, it pirobably baa failea down. Thta ia the only inatanee I
am aware of each an adjanct, tboogh they nay have been oomnoe io
firahmanical eavoa.

Oppoaile the front of thia eart^ at Uio dtalaooe of a few yardi, the
worinnea have oonMnenoed to bew a tcanplo oat of an iinneaao blook
that atondi there ; ita form ia aearoely diatiagaiahaldo, bat it io ialereat-
iag aa abowing the modo in which tha workmen cat aboet an nader'
taking of thia tort, wbieh waa aimply to divide the rock into a^narea
of about twelve and oightoen iaobeo, 1^ cboaBoia two and three inchoe
deep, and then to eplit off the roBUUBiag nuae, whkh the tosdeaey
of granito to oxfoliato eaaily enoblod them to do.

Thom ia oaotber paeadMlruetBral temple of nearly the aatao liao
and Jeaign aa thia one was iateoded to be, at tbo northern and of tlio
hill, and which ia nearly, thoagh not qaito, flniabod.

Immediately boliind tbo preamt village temple, and aboat Iwlf way
between the two eavoa obovo^iwationed, ia the groat baa-rolief ao often
flgortd, though never ao well at by Mr. RaUngton, in tba papor above
referred to. The elepbanta are good, and ao aro many of the Ggnrca,
puticnlarly tbo aaoetio; but tbe whole wanta anity of dcnign and pur-
poa^ and ia tnfsrior in every rofqwa to the Kali aeulpturo in the care
abova^ to many of tlioao at EHon, and to all Uw aculptiirtw of Sle-
phanta. TImt rock, too, haa not beea amoothed away between the
flgarm, which gsvoe (Iw whole an appearance of not being liniBbed, and
iaolatee the Agaree and gronpo ia a very dimgrecable manner.

Adjoining ia an anflnidied ascavatioa vary like (in plan), to tbo
trimurti cave near the Kylaa, and a little further to the aouth the ether
largo baa-relief, which, thoagh of the aanm age, is of inferior oxecation
to the groat one.

The Avo rallia aro aitnatod about a mile oouth of the hill in the
direetinn <if ita axis, nod thoagh mall, ami of conrao anAaisbed, (like
everything obo hero,) aro aa pleuing oxaraplee of their style aa uy 1

■ rtau N«l is.

THB KOCK-CUT TBHPLBS

kaev. Tt>»7 pcMaw u immeoM adraatafs ovar Um paondo-MnettinJ
tamplaa of Um nortli; for beisf e«U oat of daUcIwd ibmom of graoita,
Um 7 aUad alooa ia Ui« oaod, aod aro in erary napoet ao Itka atractutal
baildi^a, that it ratjatrea bobw eiaamitwia to eoariBoa oDo'a aolf tliey
an sot so. Tk^ liave alao Uta advaataga in material, boing eat from
a laa, bold-graisad gnuiU, of a roddiah tinge. It Iiaa, IwvoTar, a
teadaae/ to iplit, whieli tba trap of tha north hna not, and o rf i di atna
irboD long axpoaed to the weather.

Danieira eiavs of thono tontploa, trtd the rarioua deteripUoua oxtaat,
hare rcwlmil them ao familiar to tha pnblk that I need not aaj uora
raganli^ ihna hoao; though I snaeh wwh that the clahorate architee-
la^ drawing* node of thorn fur Ctdon^ Mackeniio ooald be given to
the imlilic, aa Uiaj would afford jwtor notioaa of what Indian anli<|nt>
tiea raallj are, tliM any thing that baa ytt bocn iMldwIiad.

I could not find in any of tha tocnplaa ur mlptareu Lon tbo amall*
«4 trace of Unddluat w<indii|>. Every whore Siva oppeora aa the pre-
lading deity, lhu« 4 (k with a aiagutariy lihotml allownnco of VtdmaiMa.
la the eave lira n(CDti»no<l *o eomplotcly la Utiu the cnae, that It might
alaHwt he railed VaitfinaTa; and in the ancoad the {•oiHlanl to the Kali
baa-relief ia a Vtshna refNiMiig on thu Sai Seja; anil In tho ntlia tha
only cell that ia occapietl ia oeoiiiicd by Lakahnii, tbough Uiia arawa, I
leKeve.fruw the mifiiiiahed atat« of Uw nthcra; fur lliey were ocrtainly
iatraded to be dedicated to Sira. It baa bvoa doulited to whwa Um
tem|de on the tlwro ia detlicated; and ita acalptarea, thoao at leaat
oa the walla, haro Leon ao corroded by tbo aca air, that they canaot
well ho nude oat; ami tliuitgh Sira and Parrali B]>)Mar on two aepa-
late hai^rrliefa, ocnii^ying the princijiul place*, they nwy not bo inte¬
gral, and the large flgurv drawn by Rabiagtun, {date twelve, ia Viahnn
o« the Sn Sija, extraurly aiiuiUr te the one in tho Kali care, while
the Itmkofl Slhawlai in tho coniral ajuirtMont amy or may not be a
Lingaiu, thoagh 1 my>cl/ have little ihmUt that it ia, •and that the
temple waa Sirite.

One of the uiud eingular eharactcrialiei «f tliiu aorica of carca ia
that they aro ail nf one ago, ami proleddy tbn work of one ]>rinea, who
ha* earrinl ou Iho wurka aimaltawoukly, hot from aonie cauae or
•4ber baa been unable to eomplcto even one of them; bad oao been
fiBBbcd, ur had tbero been any grmlatiofl of atyle ur workinanihip.
Mine rhrtuMlogical arraegemeat might eaaily have been traced; bat
Kithing of the amt exiata, at loaat ataong the monoUtha, and the temple
«« the ahoeo doe* not Halt atrktly wiiLia my pment lluita, ihoogb I
may aieiUwin that ita age doea not differ nutorially from that of the
reaL

or INDIA.

59

If Uie Borlh ow» ita KjIm to Uw Cbol* nuaJAiuo, wbioli I belioro
it cerUiiJjr dOM, tlu 000111 to eertoialj ow« tbeao Mooolitlio io the
Dtkkon. Tboro io noUiing bero of trhiob tbc iirutot^rjio cmoDot be
traced in (lie cnvee of (lie oortb. In plnu nod dooijpi thej raetable
the Hindu oeriM at BUora, tbongb many ef tboir dctaile an oalj te
Im found at Ajunta aoil SalaeUe; and it cannot be «ai>|Haed that two
}ie(i|de, luilcM copying from one onotber, eoold liavo iovaitod the mum
details in so tbort a period as euuld liave clapacd botwtion Um ozat-
vating of tbeso, aud tbooo of the nortbcrn cares; awl bosidcti, no one,
I believe^ will doubt, after wbat luu been above, that oave arebi*
teetun is indigenous b tbo nortli, wbde these an tbe only specinooo
found in tbe aoatb.

Pasnbg by tboee traditions vbkb refer to Malta Bali and tbo Gods,
whieb at all ovnnU have no refcreoM to anything now oxistbg here,
then an two which boar an appenrarer of gnat pnbability. The first
mentioned by Hr. Quldingbant, voL v., Trane. A.8., ]>. 74, tins:

" A norUiera prinoo, (iicibaps one of tbo coni|iKron,) aboat one
Uioasand yean ago, was donnas of having a groat work executed,
but tbo Hindu sculptors and toasuns refused to exoento it on tbe tenns
bo offond. AttompUng furoe, they (■» numbrr about fuer tbetunnd,)
fled with tboir effeoU from bis conntry, bitbor, where Uioy roudcil foer
or five ye«n. and b this bterval executed tboM niaguificcnt wnrka
The prinoo at length discovering then, praviulcd on thru (o ntBra,
which they dbl, leariag tbo works unfinisbed as they appear at
present"

Tbe sp w w* b from tbo Haekonsio hlSS-, as ahstractod by bfr.
Taylor, b tbo Madras Joninal, No. SO, p. flj.

la tbo Cali Yng, Singbaiua Naywia, ,tbe Zemindar of tbo Vella,
gucivarn neo, ecewod to have ruled ben. In that time, during a
fiuninc, many arrifiecra naortod bilker, and wrought on tbo nMuntaln a
groat rarioty of worka during two or three years.''

Who this S in g lienta was appears from onutber MS. b Um same
oollectiou, (M. J. No. 10, pw »73,) wlien, speaking of this moo, it is
raid, " Vonaama Nayadu boeame heed of bia race. His no eras Yirm
K., wko with bis eoesb wen sncccssful in their iarurMnns
against aeigbbouring places, extending to Canebi itml to tbo }*andya
kings. Tbo Mnasulmans an iil» ntealioned as bootcii ia defence of
another ebwrinb. T1*o eon of Vounama, named Singliama Nayadu,
becarao tbe bead uf (bis race."

Tbe tliousand yrars of the fiM <(ttoUtioa I look ui>on as tbs esual
Hiadu synonym for “somo UtM egos" while the allusWB to foreign
eoB<|HonrB seems to point to tbe only event J am aware of that would

60

TUB nOCK'CUT TSMi'LBS

(IT* protabilitjr to tnditwe, um«lj, Um ionuioii »f Deoj^tir bjr
Alb-«ddia, is tba and of Uio tliirteantls eaotarj j a aappoatioa raa>
doiod profcabto by tbo axtncio from Uia Mnekondo naotiaertpto; for
Iboagb M data k tbon grroo for Smgbwna'a reign, U appaan in tL«
eonteat tbat hit giatii|.ai>elo or great-grand-unclo, waa amgaged in tbo
rerolnUea that placed Pratapa Radra on thoOanapati thnoe, A.D.
Il€7, and ha thmfofo flciarUhad in the thirteenth century, probably
tovaida the end of it Tlie alloaieii lo the Hahomedaa in thia extract
ala* ronden thia atill mere likely, aa before AUa'Wldin they aeateely
BudJIcd IB the afiiairt of the aenUi.

Though thia oridance appeara tolenhiy eoBelntirov I ahould not be
iadiaoJ to rely tpoa it wore it Dot eomhotated the latenal evi*
dnea ef the (area theinulrea But altogether I fear live Goatnrtce
and a half ie all tbo antiquity we can allow to llioM boaated Bionumesla
of primeval timen.

Singhana’t deatli in tbo fold, befure tlia fnrt of Jalli Paili, it atill
more probaUy the eaoM of the cnJilen intorruptiun ef the wnrka, tli»w
tie recoacilietioa of the workmen with their nertbem iiuwter; it being
•nliivly a fuMy of hit own, and Beilber indigonouM in tlm country, nor
a part ef the rclipou of tbo poufile, it it net probable tiat bia anectmnr
would (OBlinue the folliea ef hie pamt.

There b oim ether meaiu of gxhg aii>roxJaiatcly (ho date of ilicw
templen, to wbkh 1 have M>t alluded, and on whieh I am iBc^mhle of
formiog an opiniuB; I mcaa (ho date of the charaetcio inoerilied on the
Urge mth over the Agaro* (hne. Their form, and Mr. DaUngtoa'e
beiBg able to trankUte (hciD, doe* nut aay niurh for tlieir antir|aity,
Ibeugh (heir general illegibility doOH, I ctmlcM, argue a higher anti-
•inity than I hare airiibo>l to tbo bnildinga

ILul any one •kmo fur the Alphalictv uf tlie ennlh wlmt Mr. PriBMep
did fut ibwic of the anrth, the •|B(o(i»B woubi Iw caaily detennined, but
till that k dune, I fair llii* rkhIo of {iroof u ■earccly available.

In ceachidjBg (bin jin]icr I would wi*b to a<ld a few worda en the
preent atate of the earn., ubJ ob the mentw that might (nnd I now
hope will,) be taken to preeerre than from further injury bclere it ia
tui late.

Thiwe of Cuttack at^ aa 1 mcmiuneil aho\T, inlial»ir<t by KindA
Fakirn, bat aa they are net uacd an jdaceii of wonliip, or catectned
Mcrrd by the inhabitanta ef the country, un enkr from (Iw magiMrate
would, I eonenive, he auflicimt tn dmiodge them, and without intor-
frriag with any rHigioua fedinga of the people, whieh the Government
are ja*(ly m> careful of oflending. If ihU wora done vary liulo trouble

or INDIA.

GI

or oxpenae would bo miBirad to remove tiw land weUt ud rabbUli
lliejr hero aceamnloted, and ibu ratote to view tItMe vtij iuteratiDf
aoBBmonU.

Uelea, howover, it ii btosded (o nuke and pablleh anuato
drawisfi of tbe eerioe, and to toko aorae noawiree for tboir protoo-
twn in futarti, it ie warealj to be wuIkiI tluU Uiie ebotild be done; for
tbore ia little doubts jading fron what Ium lu(^tenod in ollter pl iw .
tbat a few pio-nie lairtioe fron CuUaok or Ibri, and the d«atnio>
tiro pilfering of a few woaMdw autlquariaas, woub! do taoro barn
ia a Arw jroon, than liae been done bjr tbclr preaont ooeapaaU in
centonea

Tlie oavoi of EUora, Sa b ette, Juir, & 0 ., are entirelj Ucaonod ae
plocca of wonbip, uul tbcrefoio oaeilp aeceatiblo tn all Earopeana
Tbair atacco and painting bare howover olmuat entirrlj dinf^icaretl,
but tlioir aoulptures ate not no easily broken, and are on too large a
Male to tciiipt tbe cupidity of moat collcrton.

Tbo cave at Bleplianta being nitoatcd ae near Bomlmy, wat awre
expoaod to injury tlun any of tbe otbem, ami mneh was done, till
Oovemmont at length ap|K>inte<l an invalid Mi^oanl to look aAer and
protect it; naco tl»t time it baa been tolmUdy well eared for.

Tba groat eavo at Karli ia now, atrangciy onougb, taken poaaavion
of by the Brabniaiu, awl eonaidared a toinjde of Maludont. How far,
tbervforo, iotorferoBco witli it woobl be practicable I <lo not know;
aeecaa, bowever, is allowed to any stnngera, and (boro are bo paint*
ioga or aeulptniea whiefa are likely to be injured by ita preaeat ocea-
paota, or oven by EiiglUh tourinte.

Tito only acrioa, therefore, tbatdoiaaBdn iuuuediate atteation ie
of Ajanta; tbe cavea tbero are entirely deserted by tbe nativea, and
am only viailed by Buropeana.

As I oentioBod above they atiil retain tbe greater portion of their
original pointinga, but that ii &st diaaj^iearhig, and a traveller who
would new visit them, will mis mneh that I aaw a few yeera agoi

It in aid to think tbat after standtag ao nany yean u exposure
to ao dedmclivo a climate, after eao^ng tbe bigotry of the Moaiem,
and the rough luage of tlio robber Bh^, they abould be test peildiing
from the ueiblling earioaity of the Beropcaas who now visit tbera.
Bnt such it anforluBately the eaae; for few coiao away witboal pieking
off 0(10 or two of the beads be thinks nnsit beaaliful or interesting, and
aa most uf tbeai are redneed to powder iwfore (bey raidi Ibeir deatb
aatioa, tliey ate lost to tbn world for ever, Tbe iwly instance of llii*

I ean rrfer to ia print, m ia tbo Journal nf (be Asiatio Soeiety of
BeniptI, vnL r., p. 5(11, wliera it ia stalrd, that Dr. Bird peeled font

62

TKB ROCK-CUT TBMPLCB

flfuai off (Ii6 Zodiu ip mro No. 17, tod tliia it nnfoHuiuttpijr sot tlw
onljr ipwpp<M> lJuU bp« fplien npdpr oj obpprvp^ofi.

I hpTP now bnpgbt to » eoodoaioo U» reauica I bpil to tppko oo
ibe Carp TeiapiM of Indip, wtiieb bPTo eitoadod to p nneb grtotor
lesgth than I raptMaed tbay wonld do wbon I origiaaUjr nsdertook
Uh uak of ooupiling then. Tbo npmbor of olijecta, boiravtr, to bo
doauibod ia ao gicot, tbnt I lave found it inpoaildo to compnaa into
barter liaiU tbo foregoing doaeriptioa^ with the few rotnorks tbmt
wore noMHuy to nrndor tbo anbjaot iatoUigiUe. Indmd, 1 an mfraid
that t an open to tbo oppoeito aeeuntioB of abraptaoea and

obacorit/fron aitaupliiig too great conriaoa e ap; but I meat bo allowed
to pltad ao aa apology for tbia fault, aa woli oa for die want of
petiah of atylo that perradto ny (kwcripdona, that ia almoal orory
iaMaacOk 1 baro eofiiod word for word ia tbia pajior tbo aotoa I mado
an the apot and ia tbo cavaa (hnuaeirca. By a littlo aiiiplidcation and
atmtioB to ftyk H woetd liare bc«a oaay to Lore roodomi tbo iwpcr
Dieb atore readable, bnt tbia vnnld liave added to Ha length, which
b almuly too great; aiul bcMdea, Blight, ia ttcperiUng objecta ao king
after they were riiated, bare rrndem) my deacri|>tjMu low correct, and
tboa bavti token from them tbo only merit to wliieb they can ftiriy
pretend. I may ab« add, that when tbia paper waa drat writtoa, it
wai my iateaUoa to Imeo pnlliabod at tbo mmo time, in a folio form,
MTU eighlm oe tweoty of my ■ketohea of tho aod tocnpica
deocribed ia (bo toxt, which, wheu token with tho iUnatrationa now
fires, woald, I eeacciTc, bavo a4ldod moch to lire intereat of tbo aab-
>et, beridea rapplymg many of ibe deflcieocioa of tbo deneriptiona, of
which ao one ia aaoro fully aware that 1 am.

I legrct, boweirer, to aay, that I have not aa yot beon able to dad
any poblkbrr witliag to UMlertakc tin pMblication on Mtiahetory
tarma nor baa (ba project met with raffirieiit eoconragcmcet ia any
quarter to which I bare bitborto referred it, to iaduco me to tmdertoko
the riak tad aaaoyanoo of briagrng it oet myrelf aad on my own
aoeoirat; I am nut, bowerer, witboat hopa tlmt tliJa may Mill be
aoeempliabed.

Since Iba foregoing paper waa read, a Urnrorial waa preaootod by
tba CoMwil of Ibk Sorioty to the Court of IlirectOM on tbo enbjeei of
tbeao earaa, to which I am happy to bear they have reapondad; aad
orden bare, I hcliev^ been fbrwnnied to tbo diffivent PiWMloacioa to

OP INDIA.

da

enpio^ campatant penou U) dnw ud eopj tlia MiU^uitki uhI paiaU
iaga b oaoh dwtrice» aad tbai wa mj at Um 1i«|>« to lur« Umm oareo
illoftratad in a mannar wettlij of t^ir magnifleaneo aad gnat bi*'
torkal iBteKaa I only hope the aabjtct will not now bo allowed to
drop till ovary monnaiant of aaciMt India hoi bean tboioBffaly
axairuDod and datailad, and we may tliu Mcqia the hitherto too well
merited roproaeb of liaving oo long iw m em c d that noUa oonatry, and
•lone 10 little to iUoitrata iti biitory or antuinitioo.

EBI BU

m

1

►

1

PVAH OF VIHARA CAV£ N9t ATA.iUHTA.

t..

iamtXici

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Ccotral Archaeoioglail Library,
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